Workup
Laboratory Studies
- Bleeding time, as indicated
- Prothrombin time
- Platelet count
- Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
- CBC count
- Urine culture
- Electrolyte assessment
- Creatinine assessment
Imaging Studies
- Any of the following studies can be used to assess patient anatomy:
- Intravenous pyelography (IVP)
- Abdominal CT scanning (see Images 4-5)
- Renal ultrasonography
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References
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Fernström I, Johansson B. Percutaneous pyelolithotomy. A new extraction technique. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1976;10(3):257-9. [Medline].
Alken P, Hutschenreiter G, Gunther R, et al. Percutaneous stone manipulation. J Urol. Apr 1981;125(4):463-6. [Medline].
Biyani CS, O'Connor JP, Browning AJ. Laparoscopic removal of retained nephrostomy tubing. J Urol. Sep 2003;170(3):916-7. [Medline].
Bloom DA, Morgan RJ, Scardino PL. Thomas Hillier and percutaneous nephrostomy. Urology. Apr 1989;33(4):346-50. [Medline].
Carson CC, Little N. The absolute and relative contraindications to ESWL. In: Problems in Urology. Vol 1. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott Co; 1987:580.
Clayman RV, Kavoussi LR. Endosurgical techniques for noncalculous disease. In: Campbell's Urology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1992:2235-45.
Coleman CC, Kimura Y, Reddy P. Complications of nephrostolithotomy. Sem Intervent Radiol. 1984;1:24.
Grasso M, Loisides P, Beaghler M, et al. The case for primary endoscopic management of upper urinary tract calculi: I. A critical review of 121 extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy failures. Urology. Mar 1995;45(3):363-71. [Medline].
Grasso MG, Taylor F. Techniques for percutaneous renal access. In: Sosa RE, Albala DM, eds. Textbook of Endourology. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1996.
Kaskarelis IS, Papadaki MG, Malliaraki NE, et al. Complications of percutaneous nephrostomy, percutaneous insertion of ureteral endoprosthesis, and replacement procedures. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. Jul-Aug 2001;24(4):224-8. [Medline].
Kavanagh DO, Fanning N, Heffernan E, et al. Management of gestational nephrolithiasis in the presence of a bicornuate uterus and pelvic kidney. Int J Urol. Feb 2005;12(2):211-3. [Medline].
Kukreja R, Desai M, Patel S, et al. Factors affecting blood loss during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: prospective study. J Endourol. Oct 2004;18(8):715-22. [Medline].
Lam HS, Lingeman JE, Mosbaugh PG, et al. Evolution of the technique of combination therapy for staghorn calculi: a decreasing role for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol. Sep 1992;148(3 Pt 2):1058-62. [Medline].
LeRoy AJ, Williams HJ Jr, Bender CE, et al. Colon perforation following percutaneous nephrostomy and renal calculus removal. Radiology. Apr 1985;155(1):83-5. [Medline].
Little B, Ho KJ, Gawley S, et al. Use of nephrostomy tubes in ureteric obstruction from incurable malignancy. Int J Clin Pract. Apr 2003;57(3):180-1. [Medline].
Mariappan P, Smith G, Bariol SV, et al. Stone and pelvic urine culture and sensitivity are better than bladder urine as predictors of urosepsis following percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a prospective clinical study. J Urol. May 2005;173(5):1610-4. [Medline].
Motola JA, Smith AD. Therapeutic options for the management of upper tract calculi. Urol Clin North Am. Feb 1990;17(1):191-206. [Medline].
Picus D, Weyman PJ, Clayman RV, et al. Intercostal-space nephrostomy for percutaneous stone removal. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Aug 1986;147(2):393-7. [Medline].
Segura JW. Percutaneous management. In: Campbell's Urology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1992:2183-94.
Segura JW, Preminger GM, Assimos DG, et al. Nephrolithiasis Clinical Guidelines Panel summary report on the management of staghorn calculi. The American Urological Association Nephrolithiasis Clinical Guidelines Panel. J Urol. Jun 1994;151(6):1648-51. [Medline].
Smith AD. Management of iatrogenic ureteral strictures after urological procedures. J Urol. Dec 1988;140(6):1372-4. [Medline].
Strohmaier WL, Giese A. Ex vivo training model for percutaneous renal surgery. Urol Res. Jun 2005;33(3):191-3. [Medline].
Tanaka T, Yanase M, Takatsuka K. Clinical course in patients with percutaneous nephrostomy for hydronephrosis associated with advanced cancer. Hinyokika Kiyo. Jul 2004;50(7):457-62. [Medline].
Whitaker RH. An evaluation of 170 diagnostic pressure flow studies of the upper urinary tract. J Urol. May 1979;121(5):602-4. [Medline].
Zagoria RJ, Dyer RB. Do's and don't's of percutaneous nephrostomy. Acad Radiol. Jun 1999;6(6):370-7. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
nephrostomy, nephrostomy tube, percutaneous renal access, renal drainage, percutaneous endourology, urinary drainage, ureter obstruction, ureteral obstruction, intracorporeal lithotripsy, chemical stone dissolution, double-J stent placement, Ormond disease, ovarian tumors, sarcomas, intraperitoneal tumors, vascular surgery, aortofemoral bypass, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, UPJ obstruction, flexible antegrade pyeloureteroscopy, upper urinary tract obstruction, percutaneous nephrostomy, horseshoe kidneys
Workup: Nephrostomy