eMedicine Specialties > Urology > Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate: Multimedia

Author: Stephen W Leslie, MD, FACS, Founder and Medical Director, Lorain Kidney Stone Research Center; Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Oct 3, 2006

Multimedia

Hugh Hampton Young. Image courtesy of the William...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 1: Hugh Hampton Young. Image courtesy of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Hugh Hampton Young. Image courtesy of the William...

Hugh Hampton Young. Image courtesy of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association.

Cold-cut prostatic punch designed by Hugh Hampton...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 2: Cold-cut prostatic punch designed by Hugh Hampton Young in 1909. This instrument was used blindly, without any telescope or coagulation. The hollow inner sheath has a sharpened circular tip that cuts any tissue caught within the fenestration when the inner sheath is advanced. Image courtesy of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Cold-cut prostatic punch designed by Hugh Hampton...

Cold-cut prostatic punch designed by Hugh Hampton Young in 1909. This instrument was used blindly, without any telescope or coagulation. The hollow inner sheath has a sharpened circular tip that cuts any tissue caught within the fenestration when the inner sheath is advanced. Image courtesy of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association.

Davis-Bovie generator of the 1930s. Image courte...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 3: Davis-Bovie generator of the 1930s. Image courtesy of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Davis-Bovie generator of the 1930s. Image courte...

Davis-Bovie generator of the 1930s. Image courtesy of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association.

Reinhold Wappler. Image courtesy of the William P...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 4: Reinhold Wappler. Image courtesy of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association and ACMI.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Reinhold Wappler. Image courtesy of the William P...

Reinhold Wappler. Image courtesy of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association and ACMI.

Original 1932 Stern-McCarthy resectoscope with ra...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 5: Original 1932 Stern-McCarthy resectoscope with rack-and-pinion working element.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Original 1932 Stern-McCarthy resectoscope with ra...

Original 1932 Stern-McCarthy resectoscope with rack-and-pinion working element.

Reed M. Nesbit. Image courtesy of the William P....
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 6: Reed M. Nesbit. Image courtesy of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Reed M. Nesbit. Image courtesy of the William P....

Reed M. Nesbit. Image courtesy of the William P. Didusch Museum of the American Urological Association.

A brief history of William A. Milner.
(View Presentation)
Media file 7: A brief history of William A. Milner.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
A brief history of William A. Milner.

A brief history of William A. Milner.

Demonstration of the Iglesias resectoscope, with ...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 8: Demonstration of the Iglesias resectoscope, with the free hand allowing a finger in the rectum to elevate the floor of the prostate.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Demonstration of the Iglesias resectoscope, with ...

Demonstration of the Iglesias resectoscope, with the free hand allowing a finger in the rectum to elevate the floor of the prostate.

Benign prostatic hypertrophy of the lateral and m...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 9: Benign prostatic hypertrophy of the lateral and median lobes. Various configurations.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Benign prostatic hypertrophy of the lateral and m...

Benign prostatic hypertrophy of the lateral and median lobes. Various configurations.

Basic anatomy of the prostate, sagittal section.
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 10: Basic anatomy of the prostate, sagittal section.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Basic anatomy of the prostate, sagittal section.

Basic anatomy of the prostate, sagittal section.

Anatomy of the prostate and bladder, posterior vi...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 11: Anatomy of the prostate and bladder, posterior view.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Anatomy of the prostate and bladder, posterior vi...

Anatomy of the prostate and bladder, posterior view.

Anatomy of the prostate and urethra.
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 12: Anatomy of the prostate and urethra.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Anatomy of the prostate and urethra.

Anatomy of the prostate and urethra.

Blood supply to the prostate.
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 13: Blood supply to the prostate.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Blood supply to the prostate.

Blood supply to the prostate.

Blood supply to the prostate. Note the two main b...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 14: Blood supply to the prostate. Note the two main branches: urethral and capsular.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Blood supply to the prostate. Note the two main b...

Blood supply to the prostate. Note the two main branches: urethral and capsular.

The male urethra.
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 15: The male urethra.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
The male urethra.

The male urethra.

Technique of perineal urethrostomy. Incision is ...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 16: Technique of perineal urethrostomy. Incision is made over sound (A-B). Optional stay sutures used to help open urethra (C-D). Wound closed in layers with absorbable material (E-F).
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Technique of perineal urethrostomy. Incision is ...

Technique of perineal urethrostomy. Incision is made over sound (A-B). Optional stay sutures used to help open urethra (C-D). Wound closed in layers with absorbable material (E-F).

Median lobe resection. Loop without current is u...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 17: Median lobe resection. Loop without current is used to gently lift the posterior flap of the median lobe tissue now lying on the bladder surface. Resection can now be performed without risk of bladder injury.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Median lobe resection. Loop without current is u...

Median lobe resection. Loop without current is used to gently lift the posterior flap of the median lobe tissue now lying on the bladder surface. Resection can now be performed without risk of bladder injury.

Perforation at the inferior bladder neck can easi...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 18: Perforation at the inferior bladder neck can easily occur if the line of resection is too straight or is not carved to fit the shape of the prostate in this area.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Perforation at the inferior bladder neck can easi...

Perforation at the inferior bladder neck can easily occur if the line of resection is too straight or is not carved to fit the shape of the prostate in this area.

Filling the bladder usually helps locate the blee...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 19: Filling the bladder usually helps locate the bleeding vessels on the interior bladder neck. Limited resection of a covering lip of tissue is sometimes necessary, as illustrated here.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Filling the bladder usually helps locate the blee...

Filling the bladder usually helps locate the bleeding vessels on the interior bladder neck. Limited resection of a covering lip of tissue is sometimes necessary, as illustrated here.

Apical resection near the verumontanum. Elevation...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 20: Apical resection near the verumontanum. Elevation of the resectoscope, which may require that the surgeon stand briefly, facilitates this portion of the procedure.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Apical resection near the verumontanum. Elevation...

Apical resection near the verumontanum. Elevation of the resectoscope, which may require that the surgeon stand briefly, facilitates this portion of the procedure.

Slow withdrawal of the resectoscope at the end of...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 21: Slow withdrawal of the resectoscope at the end of the case sometimes helps demonstrate a flap of tissue hanging down from the roof. These should be carefully resected to avoid a ball-valve effect.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Slow withdrawal of the resectoscope at the end of...

Slow withdrawal of the resectoscope at the end of the case sometimes helps demonstrate a flap of tissue hanging down from the roof. These should be carefully resected to avoid a ball-valve effect.

Beware of resecting folds of tissue that may buil...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 22: Beware of resecting folds of tissue that may build up in front of the edge of the beak of the resectoscope because this may cause a perforation. Additional urethral dilation or use of a smaller resectoscope sheath can help prevent this from occurring.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Beware of resecting folds of tissue that may buil...

Beware of resecting folds of tissue that may build up in front of the edge of the beak of the resectoscope because this may cause a perforation. Additional urethral dilation or use of a smaller resectoscope sheath can help prevent this from occurring.

Resection of the prostate at the bladder neck. Wi...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 23: Resection of the prostate at the bladder neck. With a finger in the rectum for guidance, the loop without current can be used to lift a flap of prostatic tissue prior to cutting. This helps avoid perforation and subtrigonal tunneling.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Resection of the prostate at the bladder neck. Wi...

Resection of the prostate at the bladder neck. With a finger in the rectum for guidance, the loop without current can be used to lift a flap of prostatic tissue prior to cutting. This helps avoid perforation and subtrigonal tunneling.

Resection of an enlarged median lobe allows the l...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 24: Resection of an enlarged median lobe allows the lateral lobes to come closer together.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Resection of an enlarged median lobe allows the l...

Resection of an enlarged median lobe allows the lateral lobes to come closer together.

Demonstration of the Nesbit technique. First cut ...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 25: Demonstration of the Nesbit technique. First cut at the 12-o'clock position, intravesical portion.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Demonstration of the Nesbit technique. First cut ...

Demonstration of the Nesbit technique. First cut at the 12-o'clock position, intravesical portion.

Demonstration of the Nesbit technique. Extravesic...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 26: Demonstration of the Nesbit technique. Extravesical (second) and apical (third) portions. Inserting a finger in the rectum and tilting the resectoscope help expose tissue for removal.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Demonstration of the Nesbit technique. Extravesic...

Demonstration of the Nesbit technique. Extravesical (second) and apical (third) portions. Inserting a finger in the rectum and tilting the resectoscope help expose tissue for removal.

The Iglesias resectoscope used for the median lob...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 27: The Iglesias resectoscope used for the median lobe resection. Note resection along the inside margin of the capsule, which seals the perforating blood vessels and makes the rest of the resection relatively bloodless.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
The Iglesias resectoscope used for the median lob...

The Iglesias resectoscope used for the median lobe resection. Note resection along the inside margin of the capsule, which seals the perforating blood vessels and makes the rest of the resection relatively bloodless.

The prostatic capsule is the lateral limit of res...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 28: The prostatic capsule is the lateral limit of resection. Surgical removal usually starts at the proximal end. Tissue around the verumontanum is saved until the end. Inserting a finger in the rectum to lift the bladder neck and prostate can be helpful.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
The prostatic capsule is the lateral limit of res...

The prostatic capsule is the lateral limit of resection. Surgical removal usually starts at the proximal end. Tissue around the verumontanum is saved until the end. Inserting a finger in the rectum to lift the bladder neck and prostate can be helpful.

The Milner technique is started with a deep incis...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 29: The Milner technique is started with a deep incision directly into the lateral lobe at the 3 or 9-o'clock position and proceeds until the surgical capsule is reached. Further resection is then performed from this starting point.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
The Milner technique is started with a deep incis...

The Milner technique is started with a deep incision directly into the lateral lobe at the 3 or 9-o'clock position and proceeds until the surgical capsule is reached. Further resection is then performed from this starting point.

An Ellik evacuator is used to remove resected pro...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 30: An Ellik evacuator is used to remove resected prostate chips from the bladder.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
An Ellik evacuator is used to remove resected pro...

An Ellik evacuator is used to remove resected prostate chips from the bladder.

Inserting a finger in the rectum (A) and applyin...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 31: Inserting a finger in the rectum (A) and applying external suprapubic pressure (B) can assist in locating and coagulating bleeding vessels by altering the orientation of their flow and bringing the bleeding sites into view.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Inserting a finger in the rectum (A) and applyin...

Inserting a finger in the rectum (A) and applying external suprapubic pressure (B) can assist in locating and coagulating bleeding vessels by altering the orientation of their flow and bringing the bleeding sites into view.

Appearance of a bleeding vessel at the bladder ne...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 32: Appearance of a bleeding vessel at the bladder neck and the vascular supply of the prostate.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Appearance of a bleeding vessel at the bladder ne...

Appearance of a bleeding vessel at the bladder neck and the vascular supply of the prostate.

More on Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

Overview: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Workup: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Treatment: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Follow-up: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Multimedia: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
References
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

References

  1. Agarwal R, Emmett M. The post-transurethral resection of prostate syndrome: therapeutic proposals. Am J Kidney Dis. Jul 1994;24(1):108-11. [Medline].

  2. Agrawal MS, Aron M, Goel R. Hemiresection of the prostate: short-term randomized comparison with standard transurethral resection. J Endourol. 2005;19 (7):868-72.

  3. Alcock N. Ten months experience with transurethral prostatic resection. J Urol. 1931;28:629-38.

  4. Allen TD. Body temperature changes during prostatic resection as related to the temperature of the irrigating solution. J Urol. Oct 1973;110(4):433-5. [Medline].

  5. Arrighi H, Metter E, Guess H, and Fozzard J. Natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia and risk of prostatectomy. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Urology. 1991;38 (1 Suppl):4-8.

  6. Arrighi H, Muess H, Metter E, Fozzard J. Symptoms and signs of prostatism as risk factors for prostatectomy. Prostate. 1990;16 (3):253-61.

  7. Bailey MJ, Shearer RJ. The role of internal urethrotomy in the prevention of urethral stricture following transurethral resection of prostate. Br J Urol. Feb 1979;51(1):28-31. [Medline].

  8. Balbay MD, Ergen A, Sahin A, et al. Development of urethral stricture after transurethral prostatectomy: a retrospective study. Int Urol Nephrol. 1992;24(1):49-53. [Medline].

  9. Barba M, Fastenmeier K, Hartung R. Electrocautery: principles and practice. J Endourol. 2003;17 (8):541-55.

  10. Barnes R. Method and rhythm in transurethral prostate resection. J Urol. 1951;65:603.

  11. Barnes RW, Hadley HL, O'Donoghue EP. Transurethral resection of the prostate for chronic bacterial prostatitis. Prostate. 1982;3(3):215-9. [Medline].

  12. Barry M, Roehrborn C. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clin Evid. 2002;7:775-87. [Medline].

  13. Barry MJ, Fowler FJ Jr, O''Leary MP, et al. The American Urological Association symptom index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Measurement Committee of the American Urological Association. J Urol. Nov 1992;148(5):1549-57; discussion 1564. [Medline].

  14. Berger AP, Wirtenberger W, Bektic J, et al. Safer transurethral resection of the prostate: coagulating intermittent cutting reduces hemostatic complications. J Urol. 2004;171 (1):289-91. [Medline].

  15. Bergman M. Suprapubic drainage in transurethral electroresection. Urology. 1971;10:110-1.

  16. Berry A, Barratt A. Prophylactic antibiotic use in transurethral prostatic resection: a meta-analysis. J Urol. 2002;167 (2 pt 1):571-7. [Medline].

  17. Berry SJ, Coffey DS, Walsh PC, Ewing LL. The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age. J Urol. Sep 1984;132(3):474-9. [Medline].

  18. Blanchard K, Hananel A, Rutchik S, Sullivan J. Transurethral resection of the prostate: failure patterns and surgical outcomes in patients with symptoms refractory to alpha-antagonists. South Med J. 2000;93 (12):1192-6. [Medline].

  19. Borboroglu P, Kane C, Ward J, et al. Immediate and postoperative complications of transurethral prostatectomy in the 1990s. J Urol. 1999;162 (4):1307-10. [Medline].

  20. Borth CS, Beiko DT, Nickel JC. Impact of medical therapy on transurethral resection of the prostate: a decade of change. Urology. Jun 2001;57(6):1082-1085. [Medline].

  21. Bosch J. Urodynamic effects of various treatment modalities for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 1997;158 (6):2034-44.

  22. Brewerton TD, Jackson CW. Prophylaxis of carbamazepine-induced hyponatremia by demeclocycline in six patients. J Clin Psychiatry. Jun 1994;55(6):249-51. [Medline].

  23. Brierly RD, Mostafid AH, Kontothanassis D, et al. Is transurethral resection of the prostate safe and effective in the over 80-year-old?. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. Jan 2001;83(1):50-3. [Medline].

  24. Briganti A, Naspro R, Gallina A, et al. Impact on sexual function of holmium laser enucleation versus transurethral resection of the prostate: results of a prospective, 2-center, randomized trial. J Urol. 2006;175 (5):1817-21.

  25. Brookes ST, Donovan JL, Peters TJ, et al. Sexual dysfunction in men after treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms: evidence from randomised controlled trial. BMJ. May 4 2002;324(7345):1059-61. [Medline].

  26. Bruskewitz R. Management of symptomatic BPH in the US: who is treated and how?. Eur Urol. 1999;36 (Suppl 3):7-13. [Medline].

  27. Bruskewitz RC, Iversen P, Madsen PO. Value of postvoid residual urine determination in evaluation of prostatism. Urology. Dec 1982;20(6):602-4. [Medline].

  28. Bruskewitz RC, Larsen EH, Madsen PO, Dorflinger T. 3-year followup of urinary symptoms after transurethral resection of the prostate. J Urol. Sep 1986;136(3):613-5. [Medline].

  29. Cabelin M, Kaplan S. BPH: update on new technology. Contemp Urol. 2001;May:46-72.

  30. Cabelin M, Te A, Kaplan S. Transurethral vaporization of the prostate: current techniques. Curr Urol Rep. 2000;1 (2):116-23. [Medline].

  31. Campbell HT, Fincher ME, Sklar AH. Severe hyponatremia without severe hypoosmolality following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. Aug 1988;12(2):152-5. [Medline].

  32. Carlin BI, Bodner DR, Spirnak JP, Resnick MI. Role of finasteride in the treatment of recurrent hematuria secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate. May 15 1997;31(3):180-2. [Medline].

  33. Caulk J, Patton J. The influence of the type of current upon the post-operative complications in transurethral surgery. J Urol. 1933;30:537-8.

  34. Chakravarti A, MacDermott S. Transurethral resection of the prostate in the anticoagulated patient. Br J Urol. Apr 1998;81(4):520-2. [Medline].

  35. Chander J, Vanitha V, Lal P and Ramteke VK. Transurethral resection of the prostate as catheter-free day-care surgery. BJU Int. 2003;92 (4):422-5.

  36. Chang CC, Kuo JY, Chen KK, et al. Transurethral prostatic resection for acute urinary retention in patients with prostate cancer. J Chin Med Assoc. 2006;69 (1):21-5.

  37. Chinpairoj S, Feldman MD, Saunders JC, Thaler ER. A comparison of monopolar electrosurgery to a new multipolar electrosurgical system in a rat model. Laryngoscope. Feb 2001;111(2):213-7. [Medline].

  38. Chute CG, Stephenson WP, Guess HA, Lieber M. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: a population-based study. Eur Urol. 1991;20 Suppl 1:11-7. [Medline].

  39. Collings C. A new method of electrically excising obstructing bladder neck contractures and bars. J Urol. 1926;16:545.

  40. Collings C. Electrotome excision of prostatic bar. JAMA. 1928;90:438-41.

  41. Collins JW, MacDermott S, Bradbrook RA, et al. A comparison of the effect of 1.5% glycine and 5% glucose irrigants on plasma serum physiology and the incidence of transurethral resection syndrome during prostate resection. BJU Int. 2005;96 (3):368-72.

  42. Corvin S, Schneede P, Siakavara E, et al. Interstitial laser coagulation combined with minimal transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Endourol. 2002;16 (6):387-90. [Medline].

  43. Crain D, Amling C, Kane C. Palliative transurethral prostate resection for bladder outlet obstruction in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. J Urol. 2004;171 (2 Pt 1):668-71. [Medline].

  44. Crea G, Sanfilippo G, Anaastasi G, et al. Pre-surgical finasteride therapy in patients treated endoscopically for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Int. 2005;74 (1):51-3.

  45. Creevy C. Hemolytic reactions during transurethral prostatic resection. Journal of Urology. 1947;58:125.

  46. Creevy C, Webb E. A fatal hemolytic reaction following transurethral resection of the prostate gland: A discussion of its prevention and treatment. Surgery. 1947;21:56-66.

  47. Crow P, Gilbert HW, Jones DJ, Ritchie AW. The influence of histological diagnosis on the postoperative complication rate following trans-urethral resection of prostate (TURP). Ann R Coll Surg Engl. Nov 2002;84(6):418-21. [Medline].

  48. Crowley AR, Horowitz M, Chan E, Macchia RJ. Transurethral resection of the prostate versus open prostatectomy: long-term mortality comparison. J Urol. Mar 1995;153(3 Pt 1):695-7. [Medline].

  49. Davis T. A new cystoscope for retrograde fulguration. J Urol. 1931;26:491-6.

  50. Davis T. Prostate operation. Prospects of the patient with prostatic disease in prostatectomy vs. resection. JAMA. 1931;2:1674:1775.

  51. Davis T. Resection of vesical orifice obstructions, a minor surgical operation. Urol Cutan Rev. 1931;35:57.

  52. Dawkins GP, Miller RA. Sorbitol-mannitol solution for urological electrosurgical resection-- a safer fluid than glycine 1.5%. Eur Urol. Aug 1999;36(2):99-102. [Medline].

  53. De Giorgi, Luciani L, Valotto C, et al. Role fo risk factors for erectile dysfunction in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate: early impact on sexual function. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2005;77 (3):143-5.

  54. DeSantostefano RL, Biddle AK, Lavelle JP. The long-term cost effectiveness of treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Pharmacoeconomics. 2006;24 (2):171-91.

  55. Diamond S, Baccarini C, Brackin P. The effects of finasteride on hematuria and hematospermia after prostate needle biopsy. J Urol. 2001;165 (5):262.

  56. Dimberg M, Norlen H, Allgen LG, et al. A comparison between two hypotonic irrigating solutions used in transurethral resections of the prostate: sorbitol (2%)-mannitol (1%) and 1.5% glycine solutions. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1992;26(3):241-7. [Medline].

  57. Donahue J, Harbinder S, Natalwala S. Finasteride given for 2 weeks preoperatively reduces bleeding in patients undergoing TURP. J Urol. 2001;165 (5):262.

  58. Donnell R. Changes in medicare reimbursement: impact on therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Curr Urol Rep. 2002;3 (4):280-4. [Medline].

  59. Donohoe JF, Hayne D, Karnik U, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial showing that finasteride reduces prostatic vascularity rapidly within 2 weeks. BJU Int. 2005;96 (9):1319-22.

  60. Donohue JF, Sharma H, Abraham R, et al. Transurethral prostate resection and bleeding: a randomized, placebo controlled trial of role of finasteride for decreasing operative blood loss. J Urol. Nov 2002;168(5):2024-6. [Medline].

  61. Donovan JL, Peters TJ, Neal DE, et al. A randomized trial comparing transurethral resection of the prostate, laser therapy and conservative treatment of men with symptoms associated with benign prostatic enlargement: The CLasP study. J Urol. Jul 2000;164(1):65-70. [Medline].

  62. Dotan Z, Mor Y, Leibovitch I, et al. The efficacy and safety of perioperative low molecular weight heparin substitution in patients on chronic oral anticoagulant therapy undergoing transurethral prostatectomy for bladder outlet obstruction. J Urol. 2002;168 (2):610-3, discussion 614. [Medline].

  63. Drach G, Layton T, Binard W. Male peak urinary flow rate: relationships to volume voided and age. J Urol. 1979;122 (2):210-4.

  64. Dyer PM, Heathcote PS. Reduction of heat loss during transurethral resection of the prostate. Anaesth Intensive Care. Feb 1986;14(1):12-6. [Medline].

  65. Eaton A, Francis R. The provision of transurethral prostatectomy on a day-case basis using bipolar plasma kinetic energy. BJU Int. 2002;89 (6):534-7. [Medline].

  66. Emmett J, Rous S, Greene L. Preliminary internal urethrotomy in 1036 cases to prevent urethral stricture following transurethral resection; caliber of normal adult male urethra. J Urol. 1963;89:829.

  67. Emmett JL, Gilbaugh JH Jr, McLean P. Fluid absorption during transurethral resection: comparison of mortality and morbidity after irrigation with water and non-hemolytic solutions. J Urol. Jun 1969;101(6):884-9. [Medline].

  68. Engel R. History of the cystoscope. In: American Urological Association Monograph. William P. Didusch Museum. Baltimore, Md: American Urological Association; 2000:. 1-12.

  69. Engel R. Transurethral treatment of bladder outlet obstruction through the ages. In: American Urological Association Monograph. William P. Didusch Museum. Baltimore, Md: American Urological Association; 2001:. 1-15.

  70. Evans JW, Singer M, Coppinger SW, et al. Cardiovascular performance and core temperature during transurethral prostatectomy. J Urol. 1994;152 (6 pt 1):2025-30. [Medline].

  71. Faul P. Reduction of post-operative urethral strictures by double sheath continuous flow resectoscope. Br J Urol. Sep 1993;72(3):392-3. [Medline].

  72. Fawzy A. Current issues and reported findings from the National Survey on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2001;122:2-22. [Medline].

  73. Flam T, Peyromaure M, Chauveinc L et al. Post-brachytherapy transurethral resection of the prostate in patients with localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2004;172 (1):108-11. [Medline].

  74. Flanigan RC, Reda DJ, Wasson JH, et al. 5-year outcome of surgical resection and watchful waiting for men with moderately symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. J Urol. Jul 1998;160(1):12-6; discussion 16-7. [Medline].

  75. Flocks R. The arterial distribution within the prostate gland: its role in transurethral prostatic resection. J Urol. 1937;37:524-48.

  76. Foley F. Hemostatic bag catheter; one piece latex rubber structure for control of bleeding and constant drainage following prostatic resection. J Urol. 1937;38:134-9.

  77. Foley S, Soloman L, Wedderburn A, et al. Prospective study of natural history of hematuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and effect of finasteride. J Urol. 2000;163 (2):496-8. [Medline].

  78. Frank S, Beattie C, Christopherson R, et al. Unintentional hypothermia is associated with postoperative mycardial ischemia. The Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group. Anesthesia. 1993;78 (3):468-76.

  79. Frasco P, Caswell R, Novicki D. Venous air embolism during transurethral resection of the prostate. Anesth Analg. 2004;99 (6):1864-6.

  80. Fredman B, Zohar E, Philipov A, et al. The induction, maintenance, and recovery characteristics of spinal versus general anesthesia in elderly patients. J Clin Anesth. Dec 1998;10(8):623-30. [Medline].

  81. Fuller E. Six successful and successive cases of prostatectomy. J Cut Genit Dis. 1895;6:229-39.

  82. Gardner LB, Preston RA. University of Miami Division of Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutic Rounds: the water-intolerant patient and perioperative hyponatremia. Am J Ther. Jan 2000;7(1):23-30. [Medline].

  83. Gilling P, Kennett K, Fraundorfer M. Holmium laser resection v transurethral resection of the prostate: results of a randomized trial with 2 years of follow-up. J Endourol. 2000;14 (9):757-60. [Medline].

  84. Gilling P, Mackey M, Cresswell M, et al. Holmium laser versus transurethral resection of the prostate: a randomized prospective trial with 1-year followup. J Urol. 1999;162(5):1640-4. [Medline].

  85. Glynn R, Campion E, Bouchard G, Silbert J. The development of benign prostatic hyperplasia among volunteers in the Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121 (1):78-90.

  86. Guess H. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: antecedents and natural history. Epidemiol Rev. 1992;14:131-53.

  87. Guess H. Epidemiology and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am. 1995;22 (2):247-61. [Medline].

  88. Gupta NP, Doddamani D, Aron M, Hemal AK. Vapor resection: a good alternative to standard loop resection in the management of prostates >40 cc. J Endourol. Dec 2002;16(10):767-71. [Medline].

  89. Gyombeer D, lawrentschuk N, Ranson DL and Bolton DM. An analysis of deaths related to urological surgery, reviewed by the State Coroner: a case for cardiac vigilance before transurethral prostatectomy. BJU Int. 2006;97 (4):758-61.

  90. Hagerty J, Malloy T, Ginsberg G. Pretreatment with finasteride improves postoperative hemoglobin levels after transurethral resection of the prostate. J Urol. 2001;165 (5):381.

  91. Hagerty JA, Ginsberg PC, Harmon JD, Harkaway RC. Pretreatment with finasteride decreases perioperative bleeding associated with transurethral resection of the prostate. Urology. May 2000;55(5):684-9. [Medline].

  92. Haggstrom S, Torring N, Moller K, et al. Effects of finasteride on vascular endothelial growth factor. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2002;36 (3):182-7. [Medline].

  93. Hahn RG. Cooling effect from absorption of prewarmed irrigating fluid in transurethral prostatic resection. Int Urol Nephrol. 1993;25(3):265-70. [Medline].

  94. Hahn RG. Fluid absorption in endoscopic surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96 (1):8-20.

  95. Hahn RG. Smoking increases the risk of large scale fluid absorption during transurethral prostatic resection. J Urol. Jul 2001;166(1):162-5. [Medline].

  96. Hahn RG, Sandfeldt L, Nyman CR. Double-blind randomized study of symptoms associated with absorption of glycine 1.5% or mannitol 3% during transurethral resection of the prostate. J Urol. Aug 1998;160(2):397-401. [Medline].

  97. Hahn RG, Stalberg HP, Gustafsson SA. Intravenous infusion of irrigating fluids containing glycine or mannitol with and without ethanol. J Urol. Oct 1989;142(4):1102-5. [Medline].

  98. Hammadeh M, Madaan S, Hines J, and Philp T. 5-year outcome of a prospective randomized trial to compare transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate and standard transurethral resection. Urology. 2003;61 (6):1166-71. [Medline].

  99. Hammarsten J, Lindqvist K. Norfloxacin as prophylaxis against urethral strictures following transurethral resection of the prostate: an open, prospective, randomized study. J Urol. Nov 1993;150(5 Pt 2):1722-4. [Medline].

  100. Hammarsten J, Lindqvist K. Suprapubic catheter following transurethral resection of the prostate: a way to decrease the number of urethral strictures and improve the outcome of operations. J Urol. Mar 1992;147(3):648-51; discussion 651-2. [Medline].

  101. Hanania NA, Zimmerman JL. Accidental hypothermia. Crit Care Clin. Apr 1999;15(2):235-49. [Medline].

  102. Harrison R, Boren J, Robison J. Dilutional hyponatremic shock: Another concept of the transurethral prostatic resection reaction. J Urol. 1956;75:95-110.

  103. Heathcote PS, Dyer PM. The effect of warm irrigation on blood loss during transurethral prostatectomy under spinal anaesthesia. Br J Urol. Dec 1986;58(6):669-71. [Medline].

  104. Helminiak J. Transurethral resection of the prostate syndrome. Semin Perioper Nurs. 2001;10(1):43-6. [Medline].

  105. Hemingway A. Shivering. Physiology Review. 1963;43:397-402.

  106. Herman J. TUR: The development of instruments. In: Urology: A View Through The Retrospectroscope. Hagerstown, Md: Harper & Row; 1973:. 123-9.

  107. Heslin J, Milner W. Transurethral prostatic resections: a report of 371 cases treated by this method. Urol Cutan Rev. 1939;43:161-2.

  108. Hochberg D, Basillote J. Diminished suburethral prostatic microvessel density in finasteride treated prostates: a possible mechanism of reduced bleeding in benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2002;167(4):1731-3. [Medline].

  109. Hoekstra PT, Kahnoski R, McCamish MA, et al. Transurethral prostatic resection syndrome--a new perspective: encephalopathy with associated hyperammonemia. J Urol. Oct 1983;130(4):704-7. [Medline].

  110. Hoffman RM, MacDonald R, Slaton JW, Wilt TJ. Laser prostatectomy versus transurethral resection for treating benign prostatic obstruction: a systematic review. J Urol. Jan 2003;169(1):210-5. [Medline].

  111. Holmquist BG, Holm B, Ohlin P. Comparative study of the Iglesias technique and the suprapubic drainage technique for transurethral resection. Br J Urol. Oct 1979;51(5):378-81. [Medline].

  112. Holtgrewe H, Valk W. Factors influencing the mortality and morbidity of transurethral prostatectomy: A study of 2,015 cases. J Urol. 1962;87:450-9.

  113. Holtgrewe HL. Current trends in management of men with lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. Apr 1998;51(4A Suppl):1-7. [Medline].

  114. Holtgrewe HL. Transurethral prostatectomy. Urol Clin North Am. May 1995;22(2):357-68. [Medline].

  115. Holtgrewe HL, Mebust WK, Dowd JB, et al. Transurethral prostatectomy: practice aspects of the dominant operation in American urology. J Urol. Feb 1989;141(2):248-53. [Medline].

  116. Horninger W, Unterlechner H, Strasser H, Bartsch G. Transurethral prostatectomy: mortality and morbidity. Prostate. Mar 1996;28(3):195-200. [Medline].

  117. Hu K, Wallner K. Urinary incontinence in patients who have a TURP/TUIP following prostate brachytherapy. Int. J. Radiol. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998;40 (4):783-6.

  118. Hulten J. How to master absorption during transurethral resection of the prostate: basic measures guided by the ethanol method. BJU Int. 2002;90 (3):244-7. [Medline].

  119. Ibrahim A, Rashid M. Comparison of local povidone-iodine antisepsis with parenteral antibacterial prophylaxis for prevention of infective complications of TURP: a prospective randomized controlled study. Eur Urol. 2002;41 (3):250-6. [Medline].

  120. Iglesias JJ, Sporer A, Gellman AC, Seebode JJ. New Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation, simultaneous suction and low intravesical pressure. J Urol. Dec 1975;114(6):929-33. [Medline].

  121. Ignjatovic I. Symptoms and urodynamics after unsuccessful transurethral prostatectomy. Int Urol Nephrol. 2001;32 (4):655-8. [Medline].

  122. International Scientific Committee. Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee 2001. In: Chatelain C, Denis L, Foo KT, Khoury S, McConnell J, eds. Benign Prostate Hyperplasia: 5th International Consultation on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Plymouth, UK: Plymbridge Distributors; 2001:. 519-34.

  123. Jacobsen S, Girman C, Guess H, et al. Natural history of prostatism: longitudinal changes in voiding symptoms in community dwelling men. J Urol. 1996;155 (2):595-600.

  124. Jacobsen S, Jacobson D, Girman C, et al. Treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia among community dwelling men: the Olmsted County study of urinary symptoms and health status. J Urol. 1999;162 (4):1301-6. [Medline].

  125. Jensen K, Sonneland P, Madsen P. Seminal vesicle tissue in "resectate" of transurethral resection of prostate. Urology. 1983;22 (1):20-23.

  126. Kang D, Andriole GL, Van De Vooren RC, et al. Risk behaviours and benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. Jun 2004;93(9):1241-5. [Medline].

  127. Kapoor R, Liatsikos E, Badlani G. Endoprostatic stents for management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Curr Opin Urol. 2000;10 (1):19-22. [Medline].

  128. Klein L, Kaplan S. Prostatic stents for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 1997;7 (1):101-14. [Medline].

  129. Klimas R, Bennett B, Gardner WA Jr. Prostatic calculi: a review. Prostate. 1985;7(1):91-6. [Medline].

  130. Kogan B, Boyle K. A brief history of William A. Milner, MD. Northeastern Section of the American Urological Association. Baltimore, Md: American Urological Association; 2001:. 1-12.

  131. Kulb TB, Kamer M, Lingeman JE, Foster RS. Prevention of post-prostatectomy vesical neck contracture by prophylactic vesical neck incision. J Urol. Feb 1987;137(2):230-1. [Medline].

  132. Lam J, Volpe M, Kaplan S. Use of prostatic stents for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in high-risk patients. Curr Urol Rep. 2001;2 (4):277-84. [Medline].

  133. Langwade J. The experience of early discharge after TURP. Prof Nurse. 2000;15(12):758-60. [Medline].

  134. Lee M, Cannon B, Sharifi R. Chart for preparation of dilutions of alpha-adrenergic agonists for intracavernous use in treatment of priapism. J Urol. Apr 1995;153(4):1182-3. [Medline].

  135. Lee YH, Chiu AW, Huang JK. Comprehensive study of bladder neck contracture after transurethral resection of prostate. Urology. 2005;65 (3):498-503.

  136. Liu M, Pickles T, Berthelet E, et al. Urinary incontinence in prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2005;74 (2):197-201.

  137. Lourenco T, Pickard R, Vale L, Grant A, Fraser C, MacLennan G, et al. Minimally invasive treatments for benign prostatic enlargement: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. Oct 9 2008;337:a1662. [Medline].

  138. Lowe FC, McDaniel RL, Chmiel JJ, Hillman AL. Economic modeling to assess the costs of treatment with finasteride, terazosin, and transurethral resection of the prostate for men with moderate to severe symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. Oct 1995;46(4):477-83. [Medline].

  139. Lundgren R. Nocturia: A new perspective on an old symptom. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2004;38(2):112-6.

  140. Lynch M, Anson K. Time to rebrand transurethral resection of the prostate?. Curr Opin Urol. 2006;16 (1):20-4.

  141. Maatman TJ, Musselman P, Kwak YS, Resnick MI. Effect of glycine on retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal organs in the rat model. Prostate. 1991;19(4):323-8. [Medline].

  142. Madsen P, Frimodt-Moller P. Transurethral prostatic resection with suprapubic trocar technique. J Urol. 1984;132:277-79.

  143. Madsen PO, Naber KG. The importance of the pressure in the prostatic fossa and absorption of irrigating fluid during transurethral resection of the prostate. J Urol. Mar 1973;109(3):446-52. [Medline].

  144. Malek R, Kuntzman R, Barrett D. High power potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser vaporization prostatectomy. J Urol. 2000;163(6):1730-3. [Medline].

  145. Malenka DJ, Roos N, Fisher ES, et al. Further study of the increased mortality following transurethral prostatectomy: a chart-based analysis. J Urol. Aug 1990;144(2 Pt 1):224-7; discussion 228. [Medline].

  146. Mansfield J, Stephenson R. Does transurethral resection of the prostate compromise the radical treatment of prostate cancer?. Semin Urol Oncol. 1996;14 (3):174-177.

  147. McAllister W, Karim O, Plail R et al. Transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate: is it any better than conventional transurethral resection of the prostate?. BJU Int. 2003;91 (3):211-4. [Medline].

  148. McCarthy J. Suggestions as to procedure in the use of the McCarthy visualized prostatic electrotome. J Urol. 1932;27:265-71.

  149. McCarthy J. The management of prostatic obstructions by endoscopic revision. N Engl J Med. 1932;207:305-12.

  150. McConnell J, Barry M, Bruskewitz R. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: diagnosis and treatment. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Clinical Practice Guideline. Feb. 1994;(8), Publication No. 94-0582:1-17. [Medline].

  151. McLean A. The Bovie electro-surgical current generator: some underlying principles and results. Arch Surg. 1929;18:1863-73.

  152. McNeal J. Origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement. Invest Urol. 1978;15 (4):340-5. [Medline].

  153. McVary K. Medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia progression. Curr Urol Rep. 2002;3 (4):269-75. [Medline].

  154. Mebust W. Transurethral surgery. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ, eds. Campbell's Urology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1998:. 1511-28.

  155. Mebust WK, Holtgrewe HL, Cockett AT, Peters PC. Transurethral prostatectomy: immediate and postoperative complications. A cooperative study of 13 participating institutions evaluating 3,885 patients. J Urol. Feb 1989;141(2):243-7. [Medline].

  156. Melchior J, Valk WL, Foret JD, Mebust WK. Transurethral prostatectomy: computerized analysis of 2,223 consecutive cases. J Urol. Nov 1974;112(5):634-42. [Medline].

  157. Melchior J, Valk WL, Foret JD, Mebust WK. Transurethral resection of the prostate via perineal urethrostomy: complete analysis of 7 years of experience. J Urol. May 1974;111(5):640-3. [Medline].

  158. Merrill R, Wiggins C. Incidental detection of prostate cancer through transurethral resection of the prostate. Ann Epidemiol. 2002;12 (7):495.

  159. Meyhoff HH, Nordling J. Long term results of transurethral and transvesical prostatectomy. A randomized study. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1986;20(1):27-33. [Medline].

  160. Michel F, Dubruille T, Cercueil JP, et al. Arterial embolization for massive hematuria following transurethral prostatectomy. J Urol. Dec 2002;168(6):2550-1. [Medline].

  161. Millan R, Rosales B, Montlleo G. Clinical trial of the effect of urethral catheter on the etiology of urethral stenosis following transurethral resection of the prostate. Arch Esp Urol. 1999;52 (9):967-72.

  162. Milner W, Engster H. Modern methods of handling prostatic obstruction: An evaluation. J Urol. 1941;46:278-83.

  163. Minardi D, Galosi A, Yehia M et al. Transurethral resection versus minimally invasive treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of treatments. Our experience. Arch Ital Urol androl. 2004;76(1):11-8. [Medline].

  164. Mishviki S, Cohen N, Mawas A. TURP can improve your sex life. J Urol. 2001;165 (5 suppl):366.

  165. Monga M. Bipolar transurethral resection: adding polish to the gold standard. Urotrends. 2002;Vol 7 (2):ACMI Corporation.

  166. Monga M, Comeaux B, Roberts JA. Effect of irrigating fluid on perioperative temperature regulation during transurethral prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 1996;29(1):26-8. [Medline].

  167. Montorsi F, Guazzoni G, Bergamaschi F, et al. Long-term clinical reliability of transurethral and open prostatectomy for benign prostatic obstruction: a term of comparison for nonsurgical procedures. Eur Urol. 1993;23(2):262-6. [Medline].

  168. Mosegaard A, Madsen P. Trocar cystostomy during transurethral prostatic resection. Urology. Jun 1974;3(6):735-40. [Medline].

  169. Muzzonigro G, Milanese G, Minardi D, et al. Safety and efficacy of transurethral resection of prostate glands up to 150 ml: a prospective comparative study with 1 year of followup. J Urol. 2004;172 (2):611-5.

  170. Nakek R, Hai M, Nsey U, Lapeyrolerie J. Photoselective vaporization of the prostate: breakthrough treatment for BPH. Urol Times. 2002;30 (suppl 1):4-19.

  171. Nation E. The development of the wire-loop resectoscope and the ensuing controversy concerning transurethral versus suprapubic prostatectomy. J Urol. 1977;118 (1 pt 2):196-203.

  172. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Survey. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1988;197:Ser 13, No. 85.

  173. Nesbit R. A history of transurethral prostatectomy. Rev Mex Urol. 1975;35:349-62.

  174. Nesbit R. Transurethral Prostatectomy. Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. 1943.

  175. Nickel JC. BPH: Costs and treatment options. Am J Manag Care. 2006;12 (5 Suppl):S141-8.

  176. Nickel JC. Editorial Comment: Transurethral prostatectomy: immediate and postoperative complications. A cooperative study of 13 participating institutions evaluating 3,885 patients. J Urol. 2002;167(2):1004.

  177. Nickel JC. Long-term implications of medical therapy on benign prostatic hyperplasia end points. Urology. Apr 1998;51(4A Suppl):50-7. [Medline].

  178. Nielsen J, Holm-Nielsen A, Jespersen J, et al. The effect of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid on bleeding after transurethral prostatectomy--a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2000;34 (3):194-8. [Medline].

  179. Nielsen JD, Gram J, Holm-Nielsen A, Jespersen J. Bleeding and activation of coagulation during and after transurethral prostatectomy: importance of the acute-phase response and prostate specific antigen?. British Journal of Urology Int. Jun 1999;83 (9):990-995. [Medline].

  180. Nielsen KK, Andersen K, Asbjorn J, et al. Blood loss in transurethral prostatectomy: epidural versus general anaesthesia. Int Urol Nephrol. 1987;19(3):287-92. [Medline].

  181. Nielsen KK, Nordling J. Urethral stricture following transurethral prostatectomy. Urology. Jan 1990;35(1):18-24. [Medline].

  182. Noble SM, Coast J, Brookes S, et al. Transurethral prostate resection, noncontact laser therapy or conservative management in men with symptoms of benign prostatic enlargement? An economic evaluation. J Urol. Dec 2002;168(6):2476-82. [Medline].

  183. Norby B, Nielsen H, Frimodt-Moller P. Transurethral interstitial laser coagulation of prostate and transurethral microwave thermotherapy vs transurethral resection or incision of the prostate: results of a randomized, controlled study in symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2002;90 (9):853d-62. [Medline].

  184. Norlen H, Allgen LG. A comparison between intermittent and continuous transurethral resection of the prostate. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1993;27(1):21-5. [Medline].

  185. O''Sullivan M, Murphy C, Deasy C, et al. Effects of transurethral resection of prostate on the qualify of life of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;198 (3):394-403.

  186. Ockerblad N. Giant prostate: the largest recorded. J Urol. 1946;56:81-2.

  187. Oester A, Madsen PO. Determination of absorption of irrigating fluid during transurethral resection of the prostate by means of radioisotopes. J Urol. Dec 1969;102(6):714-9. [Medline].

  188. Olapade-Olaopa EO, Solomon LZ, Carter CJ, et al. Haematuria and clot retention after transurethral resection of the prostate: a pilot study. Br J Urol. Nov 1998;82(5):624-627. [Medline].

  189. Olsson J, Nilsson A, Hahn RG. Symptoms of the transurethral resection syndrome using glycine as the irrigant. J Urol. Jul 1995;154(1):123-8. [Medline].

  190. Ozdal O, Ozden C, Benli K, et al. Effect of short-term finasteride therapy on perioperative bleeding in patients who were candidates for transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P): a randomized controlled study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2005;8 (3):215-8.

  191. Ozmen S, Kosar A, Soyupek S et al. The selection of the regional anaesthesia in the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) operation. Int Urol Nephrol. 2003;35 (4):507-12. [Medline].

  192. Palou Redorta J, Gausa Gascon L, Salvador Bayarre J, et al. [Efficacy of finasteride in the treatment of hematuria associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy]. Arch Esp Urol. Oct 2002;55(8):895-9. [Medline].

  193. Pareek G, Shevchuk M, Armenakas Na, et al. The effect of finasteride on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density: a possible mechanism for decreased prostatic bleeding in treated patients. J Urol. 2003;169 (1):20-3. [Medline].

  194. Partin A, Sanda M, Page W, et al. Concordance rates for benign prostatic disease among twins suggest hereditary influence. Urology. 1994;44 (5):646-50.

  195. Patel A, Quint RH, Fuchs GJ. Applications of electrical energy to the prostate: an evolutionary perspective. J Urol. Jun 1998;159(6):1802-9. [Medline].

  196. Perrin P, Barnes R, Hadley H, Bergman RT. Forty years of transurethral prostatic resections. J Urol. Dec 1976;116(6):757-8. [Medline].

  197. Pilcher P. Transvesical prostatectomy in 2 stages. Ann Surg. 1914;50:500-43.

  198. Pit MJ, Tegelaar RJ, Venema PL. Isothermic irrigation during transurethral resection of the prostate: effects on peri-operative hypothermia, blood loss, resection time and patient satisfaction. Br J Urol. Jul 1996;78(1):99-103. [Medline].

  199. Porru D, Campus G, Caria A, et al. Impact of early pelvic floor rehabilitation after transurethral resection of the prostate. Neurourol Urodyn. 2001;20(1):53-9. [Medline].

  200. Poulakis V, Dahm P, Witzsch U, Sutton A, Becht E. Transurethral electrovaporization vs transurethral resection of symptomatic prostatic obstruction: a meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2004;94(1):89-95. [Medline].

  201. Poulakis V, Ferakis N, Witzsch U, et al. Erectile dysfunction after transurethral prostatectomy for lower urinary tract symptoms: results from a center with over 500 patients. Asian J Androl. 2006;8 (1):69-74.

  202. Quek K, Loh C, Low W, Razack A. Quality of life assessment before and after transurethral resection of the prostate in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. World J Urol. 2001;19 (5):358-64. [Medline].

  203. Radziwill AJ, Vuadens P, Borruat FX, Bogousslavsky J. Visual disturbances and transurethral resection of the prostate: the TURP syndrome. Eur Neurol. 1997;38(1):7-9.

  204. Reich O, Bachmann A, Schneede P, Zaak D, Sulser T and Hofstetter A. Experimental comparison of high power (80 W) potassium titanyl phosphate laser vaporization and transurethral resection of the prostate. J Urol. 2004;171 (6 Pt 1):2505-4. [Medline].

  205. Reich O, Gratzke C, Bachmann A, Seitz M, Schlenker B, Hermanek P, et al. Morbidity, mortality and early outcome of transurethral resection of the prostate: a prospective multicenter evaluation of 10,654 patients. J Urol. Jul 2008;180(1):246-9. [Medline].

  206. Reuter HJ, Jones LW. Physiologic low pressure irrigation for transurethral resection: suprapubic trocar drainage. J Urol. Feb 1974;111(2):210-2. [Medline].

  207. Reuter M, Reuter HJ. Prevention of irrigant absorption during TURP: continuous low-pressure irrigation. Int Urol Nephro. 1978;10 (4):293-300.

  208. Reuter MA, Corredera M, Epple W, Ungemach G, Verger ML, Dietz K. [Transurethral resection in prostate cancer, a radical procedure. Experience with 1017 cases]. Arch Esp Urol. Jan-Feb 2008;61(1):13-26. [Medline].

  209. Rhodes T, Girman C, Jacobsen S, et al. Longitudinal prostate growth rates during 5 years in randomly selected community men 40 to 79 years old. J Urol. 1999;161:1174-9. [Medline].

  210. Roberts R, Jacobsen S, Jacobson D, et al. Longitudinal changes in peak urinary flow rates in a community based cohort. J Urol. 2000;163 (1):107-13. [Medline].

  211. Roehrborn CG. Standard surgical interventions: TUIP, TURP, OPSU. In: Kirby R, McConnell J, Fitzpatrick J, eds. Textbook of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Oxford, UK: ISIS; 1996:. 341-79.

  212. Roesch RP, Stoelting RK, Lingeman JE, et al. Ammonia toxicity resulting from glycine absorption during a transurethral resection of the prostate. Anesthesiology. Jun 1983;58(6):577-9. [Medline].

  213. Roos N, Wennberg J, Malenka D, et al. Mortality and reoperation after open and transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med. Apr 27 1989;320(17):1120-1124. [Medline].

  214. Rosenberg G, Gejerman G, Ciccione M. Gross hematuria secondary to prostatic hyperplasia managed with radiation therapy. J Urol. 2001;165(5):383.

  215. Salmela L, Aromaa U, Lehtonen T, et al. The effect of prostatic capsule perforation on the absorption of irrigating fluid during transurethral resection. British Journal of Urology. 1972;72 (5 pt 1):599-604.

  216. Sandfeldt L, Bailey D, Hahn R. Blood loss during transurethral resection of the prostate after 3 months of treatment with finasteride. Urology. 2001;58 (6):72-6. [Medline].

  217. Sandfeldt L, Hahn RG. Comparison of urological irrigating fluids containing glycine and mannitol in volunteers. Prostate. Oct 1 1999;41(2):89-98. [Medline].

  218. Schatzl G, Madersbacher S, Djavan B, et al. Two-year results of transurethral resection of the prostate versus four 'less invasive' treatment options. Eur Urol. 2000;37 (6):695-701. [Medline].

  219. Seckiner I, Yesilli C, Akduman B, et al. A prospective randomized study for comparing bipolar plasmakinetic resection of the prostate with standard TURP. Urol Int. 2006;76 (2):139-43.

  220. Sehgal A, Mandhani A, Gupta N, et al. Can the need for palliative transurethral prostatic resection in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate be predicted?. J Endourol. Jun 2005;19(5):546-9.

  221. Seki N, Kai N, Seguchi H, et al. Predictives regarding outcome after transurethral resection for prostatic adenoma associated with detrusor underactivity. Urology. 2006;67 (2):306-10.

  222. Shackley D. A century of prostatic surgery. BJU Int. 1999;83:7766-82. [Medline].

  223. Shah PJ, Abrams PH, Feneley RC, Green NA. The influence of prostatic anatomy on the differing results of prostatectomy according to the surgical approach. Br J Urol. Dec 1979;51(6):549-51. [Medline].

  224. Shalev M, Richter S, Kessler O, et al. Long-term incidence of acute myocardial infarction after open and transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. Feb 1999;161(2):491-3. [Medline].

  225. Shiozawa H, Aizawa T, Ito T, Miki M. A new transurethral resection system: operating in saline environment precludes obturator nerve reflexes. J Urol. Dec 2002;168(6):2665-7. [Medline].

  226. Slotman GJ, Jed EH, Burchard KW. Adverse effects of hypothermia in postoperative patients. Am J Surg. Apr 1985;149(4):495-501. [Medline].

  227. Sofer M, Vilos GA, Borg P, et al. Stray radiofrequency current as a cause of urethral strictures after transurethral resection of the prostate. J Endourol. Mar 2001;15(2):221-5. [Medline].

  228. Sonda L, Brossman H, MacGregor R, Gikas PW. Incidental adenocarcinoma of the prostate: the role of repeat transurethral resection in staging. Prostate. 1984;5 (2):141-146.

  229. Staerman F, Nouri M, Coeurdacier P, et al. Treatment of the intraoperative penile erection with intracavernous phenylephrine. J Urol. May 1995;153(5):1478-81. [Medline].

  230. Stern M. Minor surgery of the prostate gland. A new cystoscopic instrument employing a cutting current capable of operation in a water medium. Presented at New York Academy of Medicine, January 20, 1928.

  231. Stern M. Resection of obstruction at the vesical orifice; new instruments (resectotherm; resectoscope) and new methods. JAMA. 1926;87:1726-9.

  232. Stern M. Resection of obstructions at vesical orifice by means of new cystoscopic instrument (resectoscope) employing a cutting current capable of operation in water medium. Physiotherapy. 1926;44:439.

  233. Talic RF, Al Rikabi AC. Transurethral vaporization-resection of the prostate versus standard transurethral prostatectomy: comparative changes in histopathological features of the resected specimens. Eur Urol. Mar 2000;37(3):301-5. [Medline].

  234. Thomas AW, Cannon A, Bartlett E, et al. The natural history of lower urinary tract dysfunction in men: minimum 10-year urodynamic followup of transurethral resection of prostate for bladder outlet obstruction. J Urol. Nov 2005;174(5):1887-91.

  235. Tsou M, Tend Y, Chow, L, Ho C, Tsai S. Fatal gas embolism during transurethral incision of the bladder neck under spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2003;97 (6):1833-4.

  236. Vacanti C, Lodhia K. Fatal massive air embolism during transurethral resection of the prostate. Anesthesiology. 1991;74 (1):186-7.

  237. Van Melick HH, Van Venrooij GE, Boon TA. Long-term follow-up after transurethral resection of the prostate, contact laser prostatectomy, and electrovaporization. Urology. 2003;62 (6):1029-34. [Medline].

  238. Van Melick HH, Van Venrooij GE, Eckhardt MD, Boon T. A randomized controlled trial comparing transurethral resection of the prostate, contact laser prostatectomy and electrovaporization in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: urodynamic effects. J Urol. Sep 2002;168(3):1058-62. [Medline].

  239. Van Venrooij GE, Van Melick HH, Eckhardt MD, Boon T. Correlations of urodynamic changes with changes in symptoms and well-being after transurethral resection of the prostate. J Urol. Aug 2002;168(2):605-9. [Medline].

  240. Vanasupa B, Miller T, Schwartz B. Diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma using transurethral resection of the prostate after multiple negative transrectal biopsies and persistently elevated prostate-specific antigen level. Urology. 2000;256 (6):1056. [Medline].

  241. Villiotou V, Pouliopoulou S, Megalou M. Oxidative stress induced by infusion of irrigating fluids in rabbits. J Urol. 2001;165 (5 suppl):214.

  242. Wasson J, Bubolz T, Lu-Yao G, et al. Transurethral resection of the prostate among Medicare beneficiaries: 1984 to 1997. For the Patient Outcomes Research Team for Prostatic Diseases. J Urol. 2000;164 (4):1212-5. [Medline].

  243. Wasson JH, Reda DJ, Bruskewitz RC, et al. A comparison of transurethral surgery with watchful waiting for moderate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Transurethral Resection of the Prostate. N Engl J Med. Jan 12 1995;332(2):75-9. [Medline].

  244. Wei J, Schottenfeld D, Cooper K, et al. The natural history of lower urinary tract symptoms in black American men: relationships with aging, prostate size, flow rate and bothersomeness. J Urol. 2001;165 (5):1521-5. [Medline].

  245. Wilson T, Lemack G, Dmochowski R. UroLume stents: lessons learned. J Urol. 2002;167 (6):2477-80. [Medline].

  246. Young H. A new combined electrocautery incisor for the Bottini operation for prostatic obstruction. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull. 1902;13:36-45.

  247. Young H. A new procedure (punch operation) for small prostatic bars and contracture of the prostatic orifice. JAMA. 1913;40:253-7.

  248. Zlotta A, Djavan B. Minimally invasive therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia in the new millennium: long-term data. Curr Opin Urol. 2002;12 (1):7-14. [Medline].

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Further Reading

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Keywords

transurethral resection of the prostate, prostatectomy, transurethral resection, TURP, TUR, BPH, benign prostatic hypertrophy, benign prostatic hyperplasia, transurethral prostatectomy, endoscopic prostatectomy, Nesbit procedure, transurethral prostate surgery, continuous-flow resection, prostate, prostatism, prostate vaporization, electrovaporization, bipolar TURP, suprapubic trocar, photoselective vaporization of the prostate, PVP, dilutional hyponatremia, hyponatremia, radical TURP, verumontanum, external sphincter, demeclocycline, electroresection, prostatism, prostatic calculi

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Stephen W Leslie, MD, FACS, Founder and Medical Director, Lorain Kidney Stone Research Center; Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine
Stephen W Leslie, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, National Kidney Foundation, and Ohio State Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Martha K Terris, MD, FACS, Professor, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia
Martha K Terris, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American College of Surgeons, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American Urological Association, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society of University Urologists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Mark Jeffrey Noble, MD, Consulting Staff, Urologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Mark Jeffrey Noble, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Urological Association, Kansas Medical Society, Sigma Xi, Society of University Urologists, and Southwest Oncology Group
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

J Stuart Wolf Jr, MD, FACS, David A Bloom Professor of Urology, Director of Division of Minimally Invasive Urology, Department of Urology, University of Michigan
J Stuart Wolf Jr, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Catholic Medical Association, Endourological Society, Society for Urology and Engineering, Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, Society of University Urologists, and Society of Urologic Oncology
Disclosure: Terumo Corporation Consulting fee Consulting; Gyrus-ACMI Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Chief Editor

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS, Professor of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, University of Tennessee Medical Center
Edward David Kim, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Society of Andrology, American Urological Association, and Tennessee Medical Association
Disclosure: Lilly Consulting fee Consulting; Astellas Consulting fee Speaking and teaching; Indevus Consulting fee Speaking and teaching

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.