Overactive Bladder Medication

  • Author: Pamela I Ellsworth, MD, FACS; Chief Editor: Edward David Kim, MD, FACS   more...
 
Updated: Jan 10, 2012
 

Medication Summary

The goals of pharmacotherapy are to improve OAB symptoms, reduce morbidity, and prevent complications. Anticholinergics are the first-line agents used to treat overactive bladder (OAB). Individuals with genital atrophy may benefit from topical estrogen therapy, and, in select cases of refractory OAB, tricyclic antidepressants may be helpful.

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Anticholinergics

Class Summary

Anticholinergics inhibit the binding of acetylcholine to the muscarinic receptor in the detrusor, thereby suppressing involuntary bladder contractions. They are associated with an increase in bladder volume voided, as well as a decrease in micturition frequency and sensation of urgency.

Angioedema of the face, lips, tongue, and/or pharynx has been noted in several of these agents in postmarketing surveillance, including solifenacin, darifenacin, trospium chloride, and fesoterodine. Warnings are noted in the prescribing information for these agents, and if patients experience such symptoms they should seek emergency care.

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Oxybutynin (Ditropan, Ditropan XL, Oxytrol, Gelnique)

 

Oxybutynin inhibits the action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle and has a direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscles. This, in turn, increases bladder capacity and decreases uninhibited contractions. Oxybutynin is relatively M3, M1 specific.

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Tolterodine (Detrol, Detrol LA)

 

Tolterodine is a nonspecific competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist for OAB. However, it differs from other anticholinergic types in that it has selectivity for urinary bladder over salivary glands. Tolterodine exhibits a high specificity for muscarinic receptors. It has minimal activity or affinity for other neurotransmitter receptors and other potential targets, such as calcium channels.

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Trospium (Sanctura)

 

Trospium is a nonspecific quaternary ammonium compound that is excreted intact in the urine and thus is not dependent on the cytochrome P450 system for its metabolism. Being a quarternary amine, it is less likely to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. It antagonizes acetylcholine's effect on muscarinic receptors. Its parasympathetic effect reduces smooth-muscle tone in the bladder. Trospium is indicated to treat symptoms of OAB (eg, urinary incontinence, urgency, frequency). It is available as a single dose, and the extended release formulation should not be taken at night.

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Darifenacin (Enablex)

 

Darifenacin is an extended-release product that elicits competitive muscarinic receptor antagonistic activity. It reduces bladder smooth-muscle contractions. It has high affinity for the M3 receptors and less affinity for other muscarinic receptors. Darifenacin is indicated for OAB with symptoms of urge incontinence, urgency and frequency. Swallow it whole; do not chew, divide, or crush it.

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Solifenacin (Vesicare)

 

Solifenacin is a competitive muscarinic-receptor antagonist that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in late 2004 for the treatment of OAB with symptoms of urge incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency. It shares a similar muscarinic receptor affinity as oxybutyinin and is available in 2 doses.

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Fesoterodine (Toviaz)

 

Fesoterodine is the most recent anticholinergic agent to be approved. It is available in 2 doses, and the 8-mg dose has been shown to be superior to tolterodine (Detrol LA) 4mg in the reduction of UUI episodes. It shares a similar muscarinic receptor affinity as tolterodine.

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Tricyclic antidepressants

Class Summary

Tricyclic antidepressants that have been used to treat OAB include imipramine and doxepin. Some agents of this type may decrease bladder contractility. They are not indicated for the first-line treatment of OAB.

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Imipramine (Tofranil)

 

Imipramine is useful in facilitating urine storage. It decreases bladder contractility and increases outlet resistance.

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Doxepin (Sinequan)

 

Doxepin increases the concentration of serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system (CNS) by inhibiting their reuptake by presynaptic neuronal membrane. These effects are associated with a decrease in symptoms of depression.

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Hormones

Class Summary

Hormones are used to treat OAB in association with atrophic urethritis and are not recommended as first-line therapies for OAB.

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Estrogen (Premarin)

 

Detrusor overactivity can be associated with atrophic urethritis; topical application of estrogen vaginal cream should be considered in women with symptomatic atrophic urethritis/vaginits.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Pamela I Ellsworth, MD, FACS  Associate Professor of Urology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Consulting Staff, University Urological Associates

Pamela I Ellsworth, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Phi Beta Kappa, Society for Fetal Urology, and Society of University Urologists

Disclosure: Pfizer Consulting fee advisory board, speaking; allergan Honoraria advisory board

Coauthor(s)

Wellman W Cheung, MD, FACS  Clinical Associate Professor of Urology, Clinical Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Downstate Medical School

Wellman W Cheung, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Board of Urology, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Urogynecologic Society, American Urological Association, Chinese American Medical Society, Endourological Society, International Urogynaecology Association, and Society of Urodynamics and Female Urology

Disclosure: Astallas Grant/research funds PI

LiAnn N Handel, MD  Resident Physician, Department of Urology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

LiAnn N Handel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Aneela Naureen Hussain, MD, FAAFM  Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Consulting Staff, Department of Family Medicine, University Hospital of Brooklyn

Aneela Naureen Hussain, MD, FAAFM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Women's Association, Medical Society of the State of New York, and Society of Teachers of Family Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nadia Hasan Khan, MD  Clinical Assistant Instructor, Staff Physician, Department of Family Practice, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Nadia Hasan Khan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Miriam T Vincent, MD, PhD  Professor and Chair, Department of Family Practice, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Miriam T Vincent, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Medical Society of the State of New York, North American Primary Care Research Group, Sigma Xi, and Society of Teachers of Family Medicine

Disclosure: Joslin Diabetes Group, Harvard Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Specialty Editor Board

Bradley Fields Schwartz, DO, FACS  Professor of Urology, Director, Center for Laparoscopy and Endourology, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine

Bradley Fields Schwartz, DO, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Association of Military Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, Endourological Society, Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, and Society of University Urologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Chief Editor

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS  Professor of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, University of Tennessee Medical Center

Edward David Kim, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, American Society of Andrology, American Urological Association, Sexual Medicine Society of North America, and Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Lilly Consulting fee Advisor; Astellas Consulting fee Speaking and teaching; Watson Consulting fee Speaking and teaching; Allergan Consulting fee Speaking and teaching

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Communication between urothelium and suburothelium. ACh—acetylcholine; ATP—adenosine triphosphate; M2—muscarinic receptor subtype 2; M3—muscarinic receptor subtype 3; NO—nitric oxide; P2X1—purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 1; P2X3—purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 3; sGC—soluble guanyl cyclase; VR1—vanilloid receptor 1.
Overactive bladder (OAB) and quality of life (QoL). Short Form-36 (SF-36). Reprinted with permission from Blackwell.
Total community and institutional costs of overactive bladder (OAB) (in millions of dollars). UTI—urinary tract infection (UTI). Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
 
 
 
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