Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: Multimedia

References

1. Boyd AM. The natural course of arteriosclerosis of the lower extremities. Angiology. 1960;11:10.

2. [Best Evidence] Monaco M, Stassano P, Di Tommaso L, Pepino P, Giordano A, Pinna GB, et al. Systematic strategy of prophylactic coronary angiography improves long-term outcome after major vascular surgery in medium- to high-risk patients: a prospective, randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Sep 8 2009;54(11):989-96. [Medline].

3. O'Donnell ME, Badger SA, Sharif MA, Young IS, Lee B, Soong CV. The vascular and biochemical effects of cilostazol in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. May 2009;49(5):1226-34. [Medline].

4. Momsen AH, Jensen MB, Norager CB, Madsen MR, Vestersgaard-Andersen T, Lindholt JS. Drug therapy for improving walking distance in intermittent claudication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of robust randomised controlled studies. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. Oct 2009;38(4):463-74. [Medline].

5. Samson RH. The role of statin drugs in the management of the peripheral vascular patient. Vasc Endovascular Surg. Aug-Sep 2008;42(4):352-66. [Medline].

6. Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20,536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions. J Vasc Surg. Apr 2007;45(4):645-654; discussion 653-4. [Medline].

7. Cassar K, Bachoo P, Ford I, et al. Platelet activation is increased in peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. Jul 2003;38(1):99-103. [Medline].

8. Clifford PC, Davies PW, Hayne JA, Baird RN. Intermittent claudication: is a supervised exercise class worth while?. Br Med J. Jun 21 1980;280(6230):1503-5. [Medline].

9. Collins TC, Petersen NJ, Suarez-Almazor M, Ashton CM. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a racially diverse population. Arch Intern Med. Jun 23 2003;163(12):1469-74. [Medline].

10. Couch NP. On the arterial consequences of smoking. J Vasc Surg. May 1986;3(5):807-12. [Medline].

11. Cronenwett JL, Warner KG, Zelenock GB, et al. Intermittent claudication. Current results of nonoperative management. Arch Surg. Apr 1984;119(4):430-6. [Medline].

12. Ekroth R, Dahllof AG, Gundevall B, et al. Physical training of patients with intermittent claudication: indications, methods, and results. Surgery. Nov 1978;84(5):640-3. [Medline].

13. Green RM, McNamara J. The effects of pentoxifylline on patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg. Feb 1988;7(2):356-62. [Medline].

14. Hughson WG, Mann JI, Garrod A. Intermittent claudication: prevalence and risk factors. Br Med J. May 27 1978;1(6124):1379-81. [Medline].

15. Jonason T, Ringqvist I. Factors of prognostic importance for subsequent rest pain in patients with intermittent claudication. Acta Med Scand. 1985;218(1):27-33. [Medline].

16. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Update on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication: the Framingham Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. Jan 1985;33(1):13-8. [Medline].

17. Kannel WB, Skinner JJ, Schwartz MJ, Shurtleff D. Intermittent claudication. Incidence in the Framingham Study. Circulation. May 1970;41(5):875-83. [Medline].

18. Porter JM, Cutler BS, Lee BY, et al. Pentoxifylline efficacy in the treatment of intermittent claudication: multicenter controlled double-blind trial with objective assessment of chronic occlusive arterial disease patients. Am Heart J. Jul 1982;104(1):66-72. [Medline].

19. Reid DD, Brett GZ, Hamilton PJ, et al. Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention. Lancet. Mar 23 1974;1(7856):469-73. [Medline].

20. Rosenbloom MS, Flanigan DP, Schuler JJ, et al. Risk factors affecting the natural history of intermittent claudication. Arch Surg. Jul 1988;123(7):867-70. [Medline].

21. Vogt MT, Wolfson SK, Kuller LH. Lower extremity arterial disease and the aging process: a review. J Clin Epidemiol. May 1992;45(5):529-42. [Medline].

22. Walsh DB, Gilbertson JJ, Zwolak RM, et al. The natural history of superficial femoral artery stenoses. J Vasc Surg. Sep 1991;14(3):299-304. [Medline].

23. Rowe VL, Lee W, Weaver FA, Etzioni D. Patterns of treatment for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: 1996-2005. J Vasc Surg. Apr 2009;49(4):910-7. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

peripheral arterial occlusive disease, PAOD, chronic arterial insufficiency, lower extremity claudication, lower extremity ischemia, lower-extremity claudication, lower-extremity ischemia, peripheral vascular disease, cholesterol, smoking, hypertension

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Vincent Lopez Rowe, MD, Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Southern California Medical Center
Vincent Lopez Rowe, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Association for Academic Surgery, Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, and Society for Vascular Surgery
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

William H Pearce, MD, Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery, Violet and Charles Baldwin Professor of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University School of Medicine
William H Pearce, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, American Surgical Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Association of VA Surgeons, Central Surgical Association, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Vascular Surgery, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of University Surgeons, and Western Surgical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Travis J Phifer, MD, Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery, Professor, Department of Surgery and Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport
Travis J Phifer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Society for Vascular Surgery, and Society of Critical Care Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Paolo Zamboni, MD, Professor of Surgery, Chief of Day Surgery Unit, Chair of Vascular Diseases Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
Paolo Zamboni, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Venous Forum and New York Academy of Sciences
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

William H Pearce, MD, Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery, Violet and Charles Baldwin Professor of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University School of Medicine
William H Pearce, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, American Surgical Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Association of VA Surgeons, Central Surgical Association, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Vascular Surgery, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of University Surgeons, and Western Surgical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.