Atrial Fibrillation: Multimedia

References

1. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB, Levy D. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. Sep 8 1998;98(10):946-52. [Medline].

2. Braunwald E. Heart disease. In: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5^th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1997:641-56.

3. Coyne KS, Paramore C, Grandy S, Mercader M, Reynolds M, Zimetbaum P. Assessing the direct costs of treating nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the United States. Value Health. Sep-Oct 2006;9(5):348-56. [Medline]. [Full Text].

4. Abdel Latif A, Messinger-Rapport BJ. Should nursing home residents with atrial fibrillation be anticoagulated?. Cleve Clin J Med. Jan 2004;71(1):40-4. [Medline].

5. Stollberger C, Chnupa P, Abzieher C, et al. Mortality and rate of stroke or embolism in atrial fibrillation during long-term follow-up in the embolism in left atrial thrombi (ELAT) study. Clin Cardiol. Jan 2004;27(1):40-6. [Medline].

6. Rathore SS, Berger AK, Weinfurt KP, et al. Acute myocardial infarction complicated by atrial fibrillation in the elderly: prevalence and outcomes. Circulation. Mar 7 2000;101(9):969-74. [Medline].

7. Klein AL, Grimm RA, Murray RD, et al. Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. May 10 2001;344(19):1411-20. [Medline].

8. Michael JA, Stiell IG, Agarwal S, Mandavia DP. Cardioversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. Apr 1999;33(4):379-87. [Medline].

9. [Guideline] Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. Aug 15 2006;114(7):e257-354. [Medline]. [Full Text].

10. Padanilam BJ, Prystowsky EN. Atrial fibrillation: goals of therapy and management strategies to achieve the goals. Med Clin North Am. Jan 2008;92(1):217-35, xii-xiii. [Medline].

11. Kim SS, Knight BP. Electrical and pharmacologic cardioversion for atrial fibrillation. Med Clin North Am. Jan 2008;92(1):101-20, xi. [Medline].

12. Berry C, Stewart S, Payne EM, McArthur JD, McMurray JJ. Electrical cardioversion for atrial fibrillation: outcomes in "real-life" clinical practice. Int J Cardiol. Nov 2001;81(1):29-35. [Medline].

13. Alboni P, Botto GL, Baldi N, et al. Outpatient treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with the "pill-in-the-pocket" approach. N Engl J Med. Dec 2 2004;351(23):2384-91. [Medline].

14. Lee KS. Ibutilide, a new compound with potent class III antiarrhythmic activity, activates a slow inward Na+ current in guinea pig ventricular cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. Jul 1992;262(1):99-108. [Medline].

15. Weigner MJ, Caulfield TA, Danias PG, Silverman DI, Manning WJ. Risk for clinical thromboembolism associated with conversion to sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation lasting less than 48 hours. Ann Intern Med. Apr 15 1997;126(8):615-20. [Medline].

16. Tracy CM. The Modern Management of Minimally Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation in the Post-AFFIRM Era. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. Oct 2003;5(5):347-354. [Medline].

17. Pappone C, Rosanio S, Oreto G, et al. Circumferential radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary vein ostia: A new anatomic approach for curing atrial fibrillation. Circulation. Nov 21 2000;102(21):2619-28. [Medline]. [Full Text].

18. Carlsson J, Miketic S, Windeler J, et al. Randomized trial of rate-control versus rhythm-control in persistent atrial fibrillation: the Strategies of Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (STAF) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. May 21 2003;41(10):1690-6. [Medline].

19. AFFIRM Investigators. Baseline characteristics of patients with atrial fibrillation: the AFFIRM Study. Am Heart J. Jun 2002;143(6):991-1001. [Medline].

20. Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. Dec 5 2002;347(23):1825-33. [Medline].

21. Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. Dec 5 2002;347(23):1834-40. [Medline].

22. Hagens VE, Ranchor AV, Van Sonderen E, et al. Effect of rate or rhythm control on quality of life in persistent atrial fibrillation. Results from the Rate Control Versus Electrical Cardioversion (RACE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 21 2004;43(2):241-7. [Medline].

23. Hagens VE, Vermeulen KM, TenVergert EM, et al. Rate control is more cost-effective than rhythm control for patients with persistent atrial fibrillation--results from the RAte Control versus Electrical cardioversion (RACE) study. Eur Heart J. Sep 2004;25(17):1542-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

24. Aronow WS. Management of the older person with atrial fibrillation. J Am Geriatr Soc. Jun 1999;47(6):740-8. [Medline].

25. Brass LM, Krumholz HM, Scinto JD, Mathur D, Radford M. Warfarin use following ischemic stroke among Medicare patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. Oct 26 1998;158(19):2093-100. [Medline].

26. Farshi R, Kistner D, Sarma JS, Longmate JA, Singh BN. Ventricular rate control in chronic atrial fibrillation during daily activity and programmed exercise: a crossover open-label study of five drug regimens. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb 1999;33(2):304-10. [Medline].

27. Feinberg WM. Anticoagulation for prevention of stroke. Neurology. Sep 1998;51(3 Suppl 3):S20-2. [Medline].

28. Halperin JL. Ximelagatran compared with warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: Rationale, objectives, and design of a pair of clinical studies and baseline patient characteristics (SPORTIF III and V). Am Heart J. Sep 2003;146(3):431-8. [Medline].

29. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Lilienthal J. Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation--Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF): a randomised trial. Lancet. Nov 25 2000;356(9244):1789-94. [Medline].

30. Iqbal MB, Taneja AK, Lip GY, Flather M. Recent developments in atrial fibrillation. BMJ. Jan 29 2005;330(7485):238-43. [Medline].

31. Lairikyengbam SK, Anderson MH, Davies AG. Present treatment options for atrial fibrillation. Postgrad Med J. Feb 2003;79(928):67-73. [Medline].

32. Mann J. EM Guidemap - Atrial Fibrillation. [Web site] http://www.homestead.com/emguidemaps/files/atrialfib.html. Accessed June 3, 2003.

33. Markides V, Schilling RJ. Atrial fibrillation: classification, pathophysiology, mechanisms and drug treatment. Heart. Aug 2003;89(8):939-43. [Medline].

34. McNamara RL, Tamariz LJ, Segal JB, Bass EB. Management of atrial fibrillation: review of the evidence for the role of pharmacologic therapy, electrical cardioversion, and echocardiography. Ann Intern Med. Dec 16 2003;139(12):1018-33. [Medline].

35. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Atrial fibrillation: current understandings and research imperatives. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. Dec 1993;22(7):1830-4. [Medline].

36. Pritchett EL. Management of atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. May 7 1992;326(19):1264-71. [Medline].

37. Sager PT. New advances in class III antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Curr Opin Cardiol. Jan 2000;15(1):41-53. [Medline].

38. Saxonhouse SJ, Curtis AB. Risks and benefits of rate control versus maintenance of sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol. Mar 20 2003;91(6A):27D-32D. [Medline].

39. Slavik RS, Tisdale JE, Borzak S. Pharmacologic conversion of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of available evidence. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. Sep-Oct 2001;44(2):121-52. [Medline].

40. [Guideline] Snow V, Weiss KB, LeFevre M, et al. Management of newly detected atrial fibrillation: a clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. Dec 16 2003;139(12):1009-17. [Medline].

41. Vidaillet H, Greenlee RT. Rate control versus rhythm control. Curr Opin Cardiol. Jan 2005;20(1):15-20. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

atrial fibrillation, AF, atrial fib, atrial fibrillation treatment, bradyarrhythmia, tachyarrhythmia, arrhythmia, heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, AMI, congestive heart disease, CHD, coronary artery disease, CAD, cardiovascular disease, heart attack, rhythm disturbance, atrioventricular node, AV node, palpitations, dyspnea, chest pain, angina, syncope, hypotension, congestive heart failure, CHF, jugular venous distension, hypertension, valvular heart disease, rheumatic heart disease 

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Pierre Borczuk, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Associate in Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
Pierre Borczuk, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

William Lober, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Medical Education, Division of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Washington School of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Gary Setnik, MD, Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital; Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Gary Setnik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: SironaHealth Salary Management position; South Middlesex EMS Consortium Salary Management position

CME Editor

John D Halamka, MD, MS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

David FM Brown, MD, Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Vice Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
David FM Brown, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.