Deep Venous Thrombosis and Thrombophlebitis: Multimedia

References

1. Tapson VF. Acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. Mar 6 2008;358(10):1037-52. [Medline].

2. Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, Heckbert SR, Rosamond WD, Enright P. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. Am J Med. Jul 1 2004;117(1):19-25. [Medline].

3. Alikhan R, Cohen AT, Combe S, Samama MM, Desjardins L, Eldor A, et al. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with acute medical illness: analysis of the MEDENOX Study. Arch Intern Med. May 10 2004;164(9):963-8. [Medline].

4. Anand SS, Wells PS, Hunt D, Brill-Edwards P, Cook D, Ginsberg JS. Does this patient have deep vein thrombosis?. JAMA. Apr 8 1998;279(14):1094-9. [Medline].

5. [Guideline] American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Physicians. Current diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in primary care: a clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Physicians. National Guideline Clearinghouse. [Full Text].

6. Buller HR, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Hoes AW, Joore MA, Moons KG, Oudega R, et al. Safely ruling out deep venous thrombosis in primary care. Ann Intern Med. Feb 17 2009;150(4):229-35. [Medline].

7. Perrier A, Desmarais S, Miron MJ, de Moerloose P, Lepage R, Slosman D, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in outpatients. Lancet. Jan 16 1999;353(9148):190-5. [Medline].

8. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, Forgie M, Kearon C, Dreyer J, et al. Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. Sep 25 2003;349(13):1227-35. [Medline].

9. [Best Evidence] Stein PD, Fowler SE, Goodman LR, Gottschalk A, Hales CA, Hull RD, et al. Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. Jun 1 2006;354(22):2317-27. [Medline].

10. [Best Evidence] Mahmoodi BK, Gansevoort RT, Veeger NJ, Matthews AG, Navis G, Hillege HL, et al. Microalbuminuria and risk of venous thromboembolism. JAMA. May 6 2009;301(17):1790-7. [Medline].

11. Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, Goldhaber S, Raskob GE, Comerota AJ. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. Jun 2008;133(6 Suppl):454S-545S. [Medline].

12. [Best Evidence] Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Julian JA, Douketis J, Solymoss S, Ockelford P. Comparison of fixed-dose weight-adjusted unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin for acute treatment of venous thromboembolism. JAMA. Aug 23 2006;296(8):935-42. [Medline].

13. [Best Evidence] Mismetti P, Quenet S, Levine M, Merli G, Decousus H, Derobert E. Enoxaparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Chest. Oct 2005;128(4):2203-10. [Medline].

14. [Best Evidence] Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger MA, Forgie MA, Florack P, Touchie D, et al. A randomized trial comparing 2 low-molecular-weight heparins for the outpatient treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med. Apr 11 2005;165(7):733-8. [Medline].

15. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Communication about an Ongoing Safety ReviewInnohep (tinzaparin sodium injection). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available at http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/early_comm/tinzaparin.htm. Accessed March 12, 2009.

16. [Best Evidence] van Dongen CJ, MacGillavry MR, Prins MH. Once versus twice daily LMWH for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD003074. [Medline].

17. Michota F, Merli G. Anticoagulation in special patient populations: are special dosing considerations required?. Cleve Clin J Med. Apr 2005;72 Suppl 1:S37-42. [Medline].

18. Bijsterveld NR, Moons AH, Boekholdt SM, van Aken BE, Fennema H, Peters RJ. Ability of recombinant factor VIIa to reverse the anticoagulant effect of the pentasaccharide fondaparinux in healthy volunteers. Circulation. Nov 12 2002;106(20):2550-4. [Medline].

19. Vedantham S, Millward SF, Cardella JF, Hofmann LV, Razavi MK, Grassi CJ, et al. Society of Interventional Radiology position statement: treatment of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis with use of adjunctive catheter-directed intrathrombus thrombolysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. Apr 2006;17(4):613-6. [Medline].

20. Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P, et al. A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prévention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group. N Engl J Med. Feb 12 1998;338(7):409-15. [Medline].

21. Rectenwald JE. Vena cava filters: uses and abuses. Semin Vasc Surg. Sep 2005;18(3):166-75. [Medline].

22. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, Frulla M, Marchiori A, Bernardi E, et al. Below-knee elastic compression stockings to prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. Aug 17 2004;141(4):249-56. [Medline].

23. Partsch H. Ambulation and compression after deep vein thrombosis: dispelling myths. Semin Vasc Surg. Sep 2005;18(3):148-52. [Medline].

24. Kahn SR, Shrier I, Kearon C. Physical activity in patients with deep venous thrombosis: a systematic review. Thromb Res. 2008;122(6):763-73. [Medline].

25. [Best Evidence] Prandoni P, Prins MH, Lensing AW, Ghirarduzzi A, Ageno W, Imberti D, et al. Residual thrombosis on ultrasonography to guide the duration of anticoagulation in patients with deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. May 5 2009;150(9):577-85. [Medline].

26. Cohen AT, Zaw HM, Alikhan R. Benefits of deep-vein thrombosis prophylaxis in the nonsurgical patient: The MEDENOX trial. Semin Hematol. Apr 2001;38(2 Suppl 5):31-8. [Medline].

27. [Best Evidence] Glynn RJ, Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Zee RY, Buring JE. Effects of random allocation to vitamin E supplementation on the occurrence of venous thromboembolism: report from the Women's Health Study. Circulation. Sep 25 2007;116(13):1497-503. [Medline].

28. Andreou ER, Koru-Sengul T, Linkins L, Bates SM, Ginsberg JS, Kearon C. Differences in clinical presentation of deep vein thrombosis in men and women. J Thromb Haemost. Oct 2008;6(10):1713-9. [Medline].

29. Bounameaux H, de Moerloose P, Perrier A, Reber G. Plasma measurement of D-dimer as diagnostic aid in suspected venous thromboembolism: an overview. Thromb Haemost. Jan 1994;71(1):1-6. [Medline].

30. Bulger CM, Jacobs C, Patel NH. Epidemiology of acute deep vein thrombosis. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. Jun 2004;7(2):50-4. [Medline].

31. Büller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F. Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. Jun 1 2004;140(11):867-73. [Medline].

32. Carter CJ. The natural history and epidemiology of venous thrombosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. May-Jun 1994;36(6):423-38. [Medline].

33. Cogo A, Bernardi E, Prandoni P, Girolami B, Noventa F, Simioni P, et al. Acquired risk factors for deep-vein thrombosis in symptomatic outpatients. Arch Intern Med. Jan 24 1994;154(2):164-8. [Medline].

34. Deitelzweig S, Jaff MR. Medical management of venous thromboembolic disease. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. Jun 2004;7(2):63-7. [Medline].

35. Gillet JL, Perrin MR, Allaert FA. Short-term and mid-term outcome of isolated symptomatic muscular calf vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. Sep 2007;46(3):513-9; discussion 519. [Medline].

36. Ginsberg JS, Wells PS, Hirsh J, Panju AA, Patel MA, Malone DE, et al. Reevaluation of the sensitivity of impedance plethysmography for the detection of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. Sep 12 1994;154(17):1930-3. [Medline].

37. Girard P, Stern JB, Parent F. Medical literature and vena cava filters: so far so weak. Chest. Sep 2002;122(3):963-7. [Medline].

38. Goldhaber SZ, Simons GR, Elliott CG, Haire WD, Toltzis R, Blacklow SC, et al. Quantitative plasma D-dimer levels among patients undergoing pulmonary angiography for suspected pulmonary embolism. JAMA. Dec 15 1993;270(23):2819-22. [Medline].

39. Heijboer H, Büller HR, Lensing AW, Turpie AG, Colly LP, ten Cate JW. A comparison of real-time compression ultrasonography with impedance plethysmography for the diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis in symptomatic outpatients. N Engl J Med. Nov 4 1993;329(19):1365-9. [Medline].

40. Hirsh J, Dalen JE, Deykin D, Poller L. Heparin: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest. Oct 1992;102(4 Suppl):337S-351S. [Medline].

41. Hirsh J, Hull RD, Raskob GE. Clinical features and diagnosis of venous thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. Dec 1986;8(6 Suppl B):114B-127B. [Medline].

42. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF, Green D, Trowbridge AA, Elliott CG, et al. Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. Apr 9 1992;326(15):975-82. [Medline].

43. Hyers TM. Venous thromboembolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Jan 1999;159(1):1-14. [Medline].

44. Katz DS, Hon M. Current DVT imaging. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. Jun 2004;7(2):55-62. [Medline].

45. Kearon C, Julian JA, Newman TE, Ginsberg JS. Noninvasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. McMaster Diagnostic Imaging Practice Guidelines Initiative. Ann Intern Med. Apr 15 1998;128(8):663-77. [Medline].

46. Koopman MM, van Beek EJ, ten Cate JW. Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. Jul-Aug 1994;37(1):1-12. [Medline].

47. Lee AY, Ginsberg JS. The role of D-dimer in the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Curr Opin Pulm Med. Jul 1997;3(4):275-9. [Medline].

48. Lensing AW, Prins MH, Davidson BL, Hirsh J. Treatment of deep venous thrombosis with low-molecular-weight heparins. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. Mar 27 1995;155(6):601-7. [Medline].

49. Moser KN, Lemoine JR. Is embolic risk conditioned by location of deep venous thrombosis?. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:439. [Medline].

50. Perrier A, Roy PM, Aujesky D, Chagnon I, Howarth N, Gourdier AL, et al. Diagnosing pulmonary embolism in outpatients with clinical assessment, D-dimer measurement, venous ultrasound, and helical computed tomography: a multicenter management study. Am J Med. Mar 1 2004;116(5):291-9. [Medline].

51. Philbrick JT, Becker DM. Calf deep venous thrombosis. A wolf in sheep's clothing?. Arch Intern Med. Oct 1988;148(10):2131-8. [Medline].

52. Ramzi DW, Leeper KV. DVT and pulmonary embolism: Part I. Diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. Jun 15 2004;69(12):2829-36. [Medline].

53. Ramzi DW, Leeper KV. DVT and pulmonary embolism: Part II. Treatment and prevention. Am Fam Physician. Jun 15 2004;69(12):2841-8. [Medline].

54. Redman HC. Deep venous thrombosis: is contrast venography still the diagnostic "gold standard"?. Radiology. Jul 1988;168(1):277-8. [Medline].

55. Samama MM, Cohen AT, Darmon JY, Desjardins L, Eldor A, Janbon C, et al. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group. N Engl J Med. Sep 9 1999;341(11):793-800. [Medline].

56. Tapson VF, Carroll BA, Davidson BL, Elliott CG, Fedullo PF, Hales CA, et al. The diagnostic approach to acute venous thromboembolism. Clinical practice guideline. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Sep 1999;160(3):1043-66. [Medline].

57. Tschersich HU. Diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities: prospective evaluation of color Doppler flow imaging versus venography. Radiology. Apr 1995;195(1):289. [Medline].

58. Turpie AG, Levine MN, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS, Cruickshank M, Jay R. Tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) vs heparin in deep vein thrombosis. Results of a randomized trial. Chest. Apr 1990;97(4 Suppl):172S-175S. [Medline].

59. Weitz JI. Low-molecular-weight heparins. N Engl J Med. Sep 4 1997;337(10):688-98. [Medline].

60. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Bormanis J, Guy F, Mitchell M, Gray L, et al. Value of assessment of pretest probability of deep-vein thrombosis in clinical management. Lancet. Dec 20-27 1997;350(9094):1795-8. [Medline].

61. Wells PS, Brill-Edwards P, Stevens P, Panju A, Patel A, Douketis J, et al. A novel and rapid whole-blood assay for D-dimer in patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis. Circulation. Apr 15 1995;91(8):2184-7. [Medline].

62. Wells PS, Owen C, Doucette S, Fergusson D, Tran H. Does this patient have deep vein thrombosis?. JAMA. Jan 11 2006;295(2):199-207. [Medline].

63. White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation. Jun 17 2003;107(23 Suppl 1):I4-8. [Medline].

64. White RH, Zhou H, Romano PS. Incidence of idiopathic deep venous thrombosis and secondary thromboembolism among ethnic groups in California. Ann Intern Med. May 1 1998;128(9):737-40. [Medline].

65. Wolf H. Low-molecular-weight heparin. Med Clin North Am. May 1994;78(3):733-43. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

deep venous thrombosis, DVT, DVT causes, DVT symptoms, DVT treatment, deep vein thrombosis, deep-vein thrombosis, venous thrombosis, leg swelling, lower extremity DVT, deep vein blood clots, deep-vein blood clots, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombophlebitis, deep-vein thrombophlebitis, superficial vein thrombophlebitis, superficial-vein thrombophlebitis, superficial thrombophlebitis, venous stasis, calf vein DVT, isolated calf vein DVT, peripheral venous disease, catheter-induced DVT, calf vein thrombi, chronic venous insufficiency, venous ulceration, Homans sign, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombocytosis, inherited disorders of coagulation, inherited disorders of fibrinolysis, antithrombin III deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden, dysfibrinogenemias, disorders of plasminogen activation, oral contraceptives, estrogens, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Wells Clinical Score for DVT

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Donald Schreiber, MD, CM, Associate Professor of Surgery (Emergency Medicine), Stanford University School of Medicine
Donald Schreiber, MD, CM is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians
Disclosure: Abbott Point of Care Inc Research Grant and Speaker''''''''''''''''s Bureau Speaking and teaching; Bristol-Myers Squibb Inc Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Sanofi-Aventis, Inc Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Nanosphere Inc Grant/research funds Research; Singulex Inc Grant/research funds Research

Medical Editor

Francis Counselman, MD, Program Director, Chair, Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School
Francis Counselman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, Association of Academic Chairs of Emergency Medicine (AACEM), Norfolk Academy of Medicine, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Gary Setnik, MD, Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital; Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Gary Setnik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: SironaHealth Salary Management position; South Middlesex EMS Consortium Salary Management position

CME Editor

John D Halamka, MD, MS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director, Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Medical Center
Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Arkansas Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.