Lionfish and Stonefish Envenomation Workup

  • Author: Scott A Gallagher, MD, FACEP; Chief Editor: Rick Kulkarni, MD   more...
 
Updated: May 3, 2011
 

Laboratory Studies

  • No specific laboratory tests are indicated for the management of Scorpaenidae envenomations.
  • In cases of severe systemic symptoms, a complete workup to exclude other etiologies may be warranted.
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Imaging Studies

Plain film radiography

Soft tissue radiographs are advised as the initial study modality when attempting to exclude retained foreign bodies. Most calcareous spines are visualized directly or indirectly with the use of plain radiographs.

Nonradiodense objects may be revealed as filling defects, or they may be outlined by air drawn into the wound during injury.

Ultrasound

If an object cannot be visualized by plain film radiography or retrieved easily through direct visualization, ultrasound may be used.

Ultrasound can detect nonradiodense foreign bodies as small as 1 mm by 2 mm, and it can be used to accurately localize foreign material and provide guidance during removal.

Tendons, deep scar tissue, fresh hematoma, and tissue calcifications can produce false-positive ultrasound readings.

Ultrasonography requires experience and skill to maximize its usefulness.

CT scanning and MRI

CT scanning and MRI, which can identify and precisely localize retained foreign material, are expensive alternatives to ultrasound.

Both imaging techniques require a high degree of patient cooperation and may be difficult to perform on pediatric patients.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Scott A Gallagher, MD, FACEP  Department of Emergency Medicine, Aspen Valley Hospital; Senior Clinical Instructor, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

Scott A Gallagher, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Robert L Norris, MD  Professor, Department of Surgery, Chief, Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center

Robert L Norris, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, California Medical Association, International Society of Toxinology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD  Regional Director of Pharmacy, Sacred Heart and St Joseph's Hospitals

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James Steven Walker, DO, MS  Clinical Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine

James Steven Walker, DO, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, and American Osteopathic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John D Halamka, MD, MS  Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Rick Kulkarni, MD  Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Rick Kulkarni, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: WebMD Salary Employment

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Lionfish (Pterois volitans) have long, slender spines with small venom glands, and they have the least potent sting of the Scorpaenidae family. Courtesy Dee Scarr.
Scorpionfish (genus Scorpaena) have shorter, thicker spines with larger venom glands than lionfish do, and they have a more potent sting. Courtesy Dee Scarr.
Stonefish (genus Synanceia) have short, stout spines with highly developed venom glands, and they have a potentially fatal sting. Courtesy Paul S. Auerbach, MD.
Members of the genera Scorpaena, such as these scorpionfish, and Synanceia, such as the stonefish, usually are found well camouflaged on the sandy bottom of the sea or amongst rocks. Shoes or booties may provide some protection; however, it is best to avoid touching the sea bottom or to use a shuffling gait while wading. Courtesy Dee Scarr.
Members of the genus Pterois, such as this lionfish, are usually free-swimming or hovering in small caves or crevices for protection. Provoking these fish by handling or cornering them may result in a painful envenomation. Courtesy Dee Scarr.
In defense of the animals, envenomations and injury generally occur in response to a perceived threat, usually handling or stepping on the animals. Photo by Scott A Gallagher, MD.
A 45-year-old diver was taking photographs in Australia at a depth of 60 feet. He suddenly noticed an excruciating pain in his left foot after resting his foot on a large stonefish. Photo courtesy John Williamson, MD and Surf Lifesaving Queensland.
Top, Brown rockfish of the Scorpaenidae family. Lateral view of the left pelvic spine in articulation with the pelvic girdle. Middle, Anterior view of left pelvic spine (proximal portion) of the brown rockfish. Bottom, Lionfish spine.
 
 
 
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