Snake Envenomation, Moccasins: Multimedia

References

1. Burch JM, Agarwal R, Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Jordan GL Jr. The treatment of crotalid envenomation without antivenin. J Trauma. Jan 1988;28(1):35-43. [Medline].

2. Bush SP, Thomas TL, et al. Envenomations in children. Pediatr Emerg Med Rep. 1997;2:1-12.

3. Bush SP, Hegewald KG, Green SM, Cardwell MD, Hayes WK. Effects of a negative pressure venom extraction device (Extractor) on local tissue injury after artificial rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model. Wilderness Environ Med. Fall 2000;11(3):180-8. [Medline].

4. Bush SP. Snakebite suction devices don't remove venom: they just suck. Ann Emerg Med. Feb 2004;43(2):187-8. [Medline].

5. Dart RC, McNally JT, Spaite DW, Gustafson R. The Sequelae of Pitviper Poisoning in the United States. In: Campbell JA, Brooks DE, editors. Biology of the Pitvipers: Tyler, TX: Selva; 2002:395-404.

6. Dart RC, Seifert SA, Boyer LV, Clark RF, Hall E, McKinney P, et al. A randomized multicenter trial of crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom for the treatment for crotaline snakebite in the United States. Arch Intern Med. Sep 10 2001;161(16):2030-6. [Medline].

7. Dart RC, Seifert SA, Carroll L, Clark RF, Hall E, Boyer-Hassen LV, et al. Affinity-purified, mixed monospecific crotalid antivenom ovine Fab for the treatment of crotalid venom poisoning. Ann Emerg Med. Jul 1997;30(1):33-9. [Medline].

8. Gold BS, Wingert WA. Snake venom poisoning in the United States: a review of therapeutic practice. South Med J. Jun 1994;87(6):579-89. [Medline].

9. Jurkovich GJ, Luterman A, McCullar K, et al. Complications of Crotalidae Antivenin Therapy. Journal of Trauma. 1998;28:1032-1037.

10. Lavonas EJ, Gerardo CJ, O'Malley G, Arnold TC, Bush SP, Banner W Jr, et al. Initial experience with Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom in the treatment of copperhead snakebite. Ann Emerg Med. Feb 2004;43(2):200-6. [Medline].

11. Lawrence WT, Giannopoulos A, Hansen A. Pit viper bites: rational management in locales in which copperheads and cottonmouths predominate. Ann Plast Surg. Mar 1996;36(3):276-85. [Medline].

12. Ruha AM, Curry SC, Beuhler M, Katz K, Brooks DE, Graeme KA, et al. Initial postmarketing experience with crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab for treatment of rattlesnake envenomation. Ann Emerg Med. Jun 2002;39(6):609-15. [Medline].

13. Scharman EJ, Noffsinger VD. Copperhead snakebites: clinical severity of local effects. Ann Emerg Med. Jul 2001;38(1):55-61. [Medline].

14. Spiller HA, Bosse GM. Prospective study of morbidity associated with snakebite envenomation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(2):125-30. [Medline].

15. Sullivan JB, Wingert WA, Norris RL Jr. North American venomous reptile bites. In: PS Auerbach, ed. Wilderness Medicine: Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies. Vol 2. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1995:680-709.

16. Thorson A, Lavonas EJ, Rouse AM, Kerns WP 2nd. Copperhead envenomations in the Carolinas. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(1):29-35. [Medline].

17. Whitley RE. Conservative treatment of copperhead snakebites without antivenin. J Trauma. Aug 1996;41(2):219-21. [Medline].

18. Wingert WA, Pattabhiraman TR, Cleland R, Meyer P, Pattabhiraman R, Russell FE. Distribution and pathology of copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix) venom. Toxicon. 1980;18(5-6):591-601. [Medline].

19. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, Green J, Rumack BH, Heard SE. 2006 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS). Clin Toxicol (Phila). Dec 2007;45(8):815-917. [Medline].

20. Burch JM, Agarwal R, Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Jordan GL Jr. The treatment of crotalid envenomation without antivenin. J Trauma. Jan 1988;28(1):35-43. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

moccasin snake bite , moccasin snake envenomation , pit viper snake bite, moccasin venom, snake bite,  Agkistrodon genus, cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus, copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix, cantil, Agkistrodon bilineatus, mamushi, Agkistrodon blomhoffii, Siberian pit viper, Agkistrodon halys, Central Asian pit viper, Agkistrodon intermedius, Malayan pit viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma, hundred-pace snake, Deinagkistrodon acutus

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Sean P Bush, MD, FACEP, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Envenomation Specialist, Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center
Sean P Bush, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, International Society on Toxicology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Protherics Consulting fee Consulting; Nycomed (formerly Fougera) Grant/research funds Speaking and teaching; Rare Disease Therapeutics Grant/research funds Research; Bioclon Grant/research funds Research

Coauthor(s)

Eric J Lavonas, MD, FACEP, Associate Director, Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center; Assistant Professor, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Eric J Lavonas, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, Colorado Medical Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Robert L Norris, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery; Chief, Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center
Robert L Norris, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, California Medical Association, International Society of Toxinology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD, Regional Director of Pharmacy, Sacred Heart & St. Joseph's Hospitals
John T VanDeVoort, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

David Eitel, MD, MBA, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, York Hospital
David Eitel, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Society of Critical Care Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

John D Halamka, MD, MS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jonathan Adler, MD, Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Jonathan Adler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: eMedicine.com, Inc. Consulting fee Consulting