Snake Envenomation, Rattle: Multimedia

References

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2. Bond RG, Burkhart KK. Thrombocytopenia following timber rattlesnake envenomation. Ann Emerg Med. Jul 1997;30(1):40-4. [Medline].

3. Boyer LV, Seifert SA, Clark RF, McNally JT, Williams SR, Nordt SP, et al. Recurrent and persistent coagulopathy following pit viper envenomation. Arch Intern Med. Apr 12 1999;159(7):706-10. [Medline].

4. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, Green J, Rumack BH, Heard SE. 2006 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS). Clin Toxicol (Phila). Dec 2007;45(8):815-917. [Medline].

5. Burgess JL, Dart RC. Snake venom coagulopathy: use and abuse of blood products in the treatment of pit viper envenomation. Ann Emerg Med. Jul 1991;20(7):795-801. [Medline].

6. Burgess JL, Dart RC. Snake venom coagulopathy: use and abuse of blood products in the treatment of pit viper envenomation. Ann Emerg Med. Jul 1991;20(7):795-801. [Medline].

7. Bush SP. Snakebite suction devices don't remove venom: they just suck. Ann Emerg Med. Feb 2004;43(2):187-8. [Medline].

8. Bush SP, Green SM, Laack TA, Hayes WK, Cardwell MD, Tanen DA. Pressure immobilization delays mortality and increases intracompartmental pressure after artificial intramuscular rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model. Ann Emerg Med. Dec 2004;44(6):599-604. [Medline].

9. Bush SP, Green SM, Moynihan JA, Hayes WK, Cardwell MD. Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom is efficacious for envenomations by Southern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus helleri). Ann Emerg Med. Dec 2002;40(6):619-24. [Medline].

10. Bush SP, Hegewald KG, Green SM, Cardwell MD, Hayes WK. Effects of a negative pressure venom extraction device (Extractor) on local tissue injury after artificial rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model. Wilderness Environ Med. Fall 2000;11(3):180-8. [Medline].

11. Bush SP, Jansen PW. Severe rattlesnake envenomation with anaphylaxis and rhabdomyolysis. Ann Emerg Med. Jun 1995;25(6):845-8. [Medline].

12. Bush SP, Wu VH, Corbett SW. Rattlesnake venom-induced thrombocytopenia response to Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent: a case series. Acad Emerg Med. Feb 2000;7(2):181-5. [Medline].

13. Carroll RR, Hall EL, Kitchens CS. Canebrake rattlesnake envenomation. Ann Emerg Med. Jul 1997;30(1):45-8. [Medline].

14. Clark RF, Selden BS, Furbee B. The incidence of wound infection following crotalid envenomation. J Emerg Med. Sep-Oct 1993;11(5):583-6. [Medline].

15. Consroe P, Egen NB, Russell FE, Gerrish K, Smith DC, Sidki A, et al. Comparison of a new ovine antigen binding fragment (Fab) antivenin for United States Crotalidae with the commercial antivenin for protection against venom-induced lethality in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Nov 1995;53(5):507-10. [Medline].

16. Dart RC, Seifert SA, Carroll L, Clark RF, Hall E, Boyer-Hassen LV, et al. Affinity-purified, mixed monospecific crotalid antivenom ovine Fab for the treatment of crotalid venom poisoning. Ann Emerg Med. Jul 1997;30(1):33-9. [Medline].

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18. Guisto JA. Severe toxicity from crotalid envenomation after early resolution of symptoms. Ann Emerg Med. Sep 1995;26(3):387-9. [Medline].

19. Hardy DL, Bush SP. Pressure/immobilization as first aid for venomous snakebite in the United States. Herpetol Rev. 1998;29:204-8.

20. Hurlbut KM, Dart RC, et al. Reliability of clinical presentation for predicting significant pit viper envenomation. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;438-9.

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25. Offerman SR, Bush SP, Moynihan JA, Clark RF. Crotaline Fab antivenom for the treatment of children with rattlesnake envenomation. Pediatrics. Nov 2002;110(5):968-71. [Medline].

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27. Riffer E, Curry SC, Gerkin R. Successful treatment with antivenin of marked thrombocytopenia without significant coagulopathy following rattlesnake bite. Ann Emerg Med. Nov 1987;16(11):1297-9. [Medline].

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31. Wingert WA, Chan L. Rattlesnake bites in southern California and rationale for recommended treatment. West J Med. Jan 1988;148(1):37-44. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

rattlesnake, rattlesnake bite, rattlesnake venom, rattlesnake envenomation, Crotalus species, Sistrurus species, rattle snake envenomation, pit vipers

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Sean P Bush, MD, FACEP, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Envenomation Specialist, Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center
Sean P Bush, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, International Society on Toxicology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Protherics Consulting fee Consulting; Nycomed (formerly Fougera) Grant/research funds Speaking and teaching; Rare Disease Therapeutics Grant/research funds Research; Bioclon Grant/research funds Research

Medical Editor

Robert L Norris, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery; Chief, Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center
Robert L Norris, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, California Medical Association, International Society of Toxinology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD, Regional Director of Pharmacy, Sacred Heart & St. Joseph's Hospitals
John T VanDeVoort, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

James Steven Walker, DO, MS, Clinical Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
James Steven Walker, DO, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, and American Osteopathic Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

John D Halamka, MD, MS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jonathan Adler, MD, Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Jonathan Adler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: eMedicine.com, Inc. Consulting fee Consulting