Balanitis: Differential Diagnoses & Workup

References

1. Ashfield JE, Nickel KR, Siemens DR, MacNeily AE, Nickel JC. Treatment of phimosis with topical steroids in 194 children. J Urol. Mar 2003;169(3):1106-8. [Medline].

2. Buechner SA. Common skin disorders of the penis. BJU Int. Sep 2002;90(5):498-506. [Medline].

3. Edwards S. Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review. Genitourin Med. Jun 1996;72(3):155-9. [Medline].

4. Edwards SK. European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis. Int J STD AIDS. Oct 2001;12 Suppl 3:68-72. [Medline].

5. Georgala S, Gregoriou S, Georgala C, et al. Pimecrolimus 1% cream in non-specific inflammatory recurrent balanitis. Dermatology. 2007;215(3):209-12. [Medline].

6. Harrison BP. Pediatric penile swelling. Acad Emerg Med. Apr 1996;3(4):384, 87, 88. [Medline].

7. Huntley JS, Bourne MC, Munro FD, Wilson-Storey D. Troubles with the foreskin: one hundred consecutive referrals to paediatric surgeons. J R Soc Med. Sep 2003;96(9):449-51. [Medline].

8. Kiss A, Király L, Kutasy B, Merksz M. High incidence of balanitis xerotica obliterans in boys with phimosis: prospective 10-year study. Pediatr Dermatol. Jul-Aug 2005;22(4):305-8. [Medline].

9. Kizer WS, Prarie T, Morey AF. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: epidemiologic distribution in an equal access health care system. South Med J. Jan 2003;96(1):9-11. [Medline].

10. Marques TC, Sampaio FJ, Favorito LA. Treatment of phimosis with topical steroids and foreskin anatomy. Int Braz J Urol. Jul-Aug 2005;31(4):370-4; discussion 374. [Medline].

11. McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP. Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin. Can Fam Physician. Mar 2007;53(3):445-8. [Medline].

12. Muratov ID. [Bacteriological pattern of acute purulent balanoposthitis in children]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. Mar-Apr 2004;83-5. [Medline].

13. O'Farrell N, Quigley M, Fox P. Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study. Int J STD AIDS. Aug 2005;16(8):556-9. [Medline].

14. Pugliese JM, Morey AF, Peterson AC. Lichen sclerosus: review of the literature and current recommendations for management. J Urol. Dec 2007;178(6):2268-76. [Medline].

15. Steadman B, Ellsworth P. To circ or not to circ: indications, risks, and alternatives to circumcision in the pediatric population with phimosis. Urol Nurs. Jun 2006;26(3):181-94. [Medline].

16. Tanagho EA. Smith's General Urology. 14^th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1995:966.

17. Van Howe RS. Neonatal circumcision and penile inflammation in young boys. Clin Pediatr (Phila). May 2007;46(4):329-33. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

balanitis, glans penis inflammation, inflammation of the glans penis, balanoposthitis, phimosis, penile discharge, inability to retract foreskin, impotence, tenderness of glans penis, diabetes, cirrhosis, nephrosis, candidal infection, anaerobic infection, human papilloma virus infection, Gardnerella vaginalis, Treponema pallidum, syphilis, trichomonal infection, group Bstreptococci, Borrelia vincentii

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Mark J Leber, MD, MPH, Clinical Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooklyn Hospital Medical Center
Mark J Leber, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and American College of Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Anuritha Tirumani, MD, Research Coordinator, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooklyn Hospital Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Edward Bessman, MD, Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, John Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
Edward Bessman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Richard H Sinert, DO, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Research Director, State University of New York College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center
Richard H Sinert, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

John D Halamka, MD, MS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Erik D Schraga, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills-Peninsula Emergency Medical Associates; Consulting Staff, Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente, Santa Clara Medical Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.