Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Multimedia

References

1. Lyell A. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: an eruption resembling scalding of the skin. Br J Dermatol. Nov 1956;68(11):355-61. [Medline].

2. Bastuji-Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, Shear NH, Naldi L, Roujeau JC. Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol. Jan 1993;129(1):92-6. [Medline].

3. Bachot N, Roujeau JC. Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(8):561-72. [Medline].

4. Pereira FA, Mudgil AV, Rosmarin DM. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. Feb 2007;56(2):181-200. [Medline].

5. Abe R, Shimizu T, Shibaki A, Nakamura H, Watanabe H, Shimizu H. Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are induced by soluble Fas ligand. Am J Pathol. May 2003;162(5):1515-20. [Medline].

6. Posadas SJ, Padial A, Torres MJ, Mayorga C, Leyva L, Sanchez E. Delayed reactions to drugs show levels of perforin, granzyme B, and Fas-L to be related to disease severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Jan 2002;109(1):155-61. [Medline].

7. Nassif A, Moslehi H, Le Gouvello S, et al. Evaluation of the potential role of cytokines in toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123:850-5.

8. Chung WH, Hung SI, Yang JY, Su SC, Huang SP, Wei CY. Granulysin is a key mediator for disseminated keratinocyte death in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Nat Med. Dec 2008;14(12):1343-50. [Medline].

9. Abood GJ, Nickoloff BJ, Gamelli RL. Treatment strategies in toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome: where are we at?. J Burn Care Res. Jan-Feb 2008;29(1):269-76. [Medline].

10. Bastuji-Garin S, Fouchard N, Bertocchi M, Roujeau JC, Revuz J, Wolkenstein P. SCORTEN: a severity-of-illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol. Aug 2000;115(2):149-53. [Medline].

11. Chung WH, Hung SI, Hong HS, et al. Medical genetics: a marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Nature. Apr 1 2004;428(6982):486. [Medline].

12. Roujeau JC, Kelly JP, Naldi L, Rzany B, Stern RS, Anderson T. Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N Engl J Med. Dec 14 1995;333(24):1600-7. [Medline].

13. Endorf FW, Cancio LC, Gibran NS. Toxic epidermal necrolysis clinical guidelines. J Burn Care Res. Sep-Oct 2008;29(5):706-12. [Medline].

14. Garcia-Doval I, LeCleach L, Bocquet H, Otero XL, Roujeau JC. Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome: does early withdrawal of causative drugs decrease the risk of death?. Arch Dermatol. Mar 2000;136(3):323-7. [Medline].

15. Palmieri TL, Greenhalgh DG, Saffle JR, et al. A multicenter review of toxic epidermal necrolysis treated in U.S. burn centers at the end of the twentieth century. J Burn Care Rehabil. Mar-Apr 2002;23(2):87-96. [Medline].

16. Magina S, Lisboa C, Leal V, Palmares J, Mesquita-Guimaraes J. Dermatological and ophthalmological sequels in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Dermatology. 2003;207(1):33-6. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

toxic epidermal necrolysis, TEN, Lyell disease, Lyell's disease, mucocutaneous exfoliative disease, erythema multiforme, EM, bullous erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, SJS, mucocutaneous reaction, widespread erythema, necrosis, bullous detachment of the epidermis, SJS-TEN, TEN with spots, TEN without spots, drug-induced skin disorder, drug eruption, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, autoimmune disease 

Contributor Information and Disclosures

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Gregory P Garra, DO, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine; Residency Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital
Gregory P Garra, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Elizabeth D Turner, MD, Clinical Assistant Instructor and Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Stony Brook University Hospital
Elizabeth D Turner, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
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Medical Editor

Theodore J Gaeta, DO, MPH, FACEP, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College at Cornell University; Vice Chairman and Program Director of Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Methodist Hospital; Academic Chair, Adjunct Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, St George's University School of Medicine
Theodore J Gaeta, DO, MPH, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alliance for Clinical Education, American College of Emergency Physicians, Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, New York Academy of Medicine, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
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