Pediatric Apnea Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Joshua A Rocker, MD; Chief Editor: Richard G Bachur, MD more...
Differential Diagnoses
- Apnea
- Apparent Life-Threatening Events
- Aspiration Syndromes
- Asthma
- Bacteremia
- Botulism
- Bronchiolitis
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
- Child Abuse & Neglect, Physical Abuse
- Croup
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome in Childhood
- Head Trauma
- Heart Failure, Congestive
- Hypoglycemia
- Influenza
- Laryngomalacia
- Meningitis, Aseptic
- Meningitis, Bacterial
- Munchausen Syndrome
- Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
- Parainfluenza Virus Infections
- Pediatrics, Bacteremia and Sepsis
- Pediatrics, Bronchiolitis
- Pediatrics, Status Epilepticus
- Pediatrics, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
- Pertussis
- Pneumonia
- Prematurity
- Sepsis
- Status Asthmaticus
- Supraventricular Tachycardia, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
- Toxicity, Carbon Monoxide
- Toxicity, Opioids
Blystad W. Blood gas determinations on premature infants. III. Investigations on premature infants with recurrent attacks of apnea. Acta Paediatr. May 1956;45(3):211-21. [Medline].
Miller HC, Behrle FC, Smull NW. Severe apnea and irregular respiratory rhythms among premature infants; a clinical and laboratory study. Pediatrics. Apr 1959;23(4):676-85. [Medline].
Perlstein PH, Edwards NK, Sutherland JM. Apnea in premature infants and incubator-air-temperature changes. N Engl J Med. Feb 26 1970;282(9):461-6. [Medline].
Nelson NM. Members of task force on prolonged apnea. Reports of the task force on prolonged apnea of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 1978;61:651-652.
Committee on Fetus and Newborn. American Academy of Pediatrics. Apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, and home monitoring. Pediatrics. Apr 2003;111(4 Pt 1):914-7. [Medline].
Fleming P, Blair P, Bacon C, et al. Sudden unexpected deaths in Infancy: the CESDI SUDI studies 1993-1996. Stationary Office. 2000.
Brooks JG. Apparent life-threatening events and apnea of infancy. Clin Perinatol. Dec 1992;19(4):809-38. [Medline].
Ralston S, Hill V. Incidence of Apnea in Infants Hospitalized with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr. Jul 31 2009;[Medline].
Genizi J, Pillar G, Ravid S, Shahar E. Apparent life-threatening events: neurological correlates and the mandatory work-up. J Child Neurol. Nov 2008;23(11):1305-7. [Medline].
Dewolfe CC. Apparent life-threatening event: a review. Pediatr Clin North Am. Aug 2005;52(4):1127-46, ix. [Medline].
Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Hof D, Peglow UP, Traweger-Ravanelli B, Kiechl S. Epidemiology of apparent life threatening events. Arch Dis Child. Mar 2005;90(3):297-300. [Medline].
Kahn A, Groswasser J, Rebuffat E, et al. Sleep and cardiorespiratory characteristics of infant victims of sudden death: a prospective case-control study. Sleep. Aug 1992;15(4):287-92. [Medline].
Bonkowsky JL, Guenther E, Filloux FM, Srivastava R. Death, child abuse, and adverse neurological outcome of infants after an apparent life-threatening event. Pediatrics. Jul 2008;122(1):125-31. [Medline].
Henderson-Smart DJ. The effect of gestational age on the incidence and duration of recurrent apnoea in newborn babies. Aust Paediatr J. Dec 1981;17(4):273-6. [Medline].
Schiller O, Levy I, Pollak U, Kadmon G, Nahum E, Schonfeld T. Central apnoeas in infants with bronchiolitis admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit. Acta Paediatr. Feb 2011;100(2):216-9. [Medline].
Stéphan-Blanchard E, Chardon K, Léké A, et al. In utero exposure to smoking and peripheral chemoreceptor function in preterm neonates. Pediatrics. Mar 2010;125(3):e592-9. [Medline].
Franco P, Montemitro E, Scaillet S, Groswasser J, Kato I, Lin JS. Fewer spontaneous arousals in infants with apparent life-threatening event. Sleep. Jun 2011;34(6):733-43. [Medline].
Mittal MK, Shofer FS, Baren JM. Serious bacterial infections in infants who have experienced an apparent life-threatening event. Ann Emerg Med. Oct 2009;54(4):523-7. [Medline].
Zuckerbraun NS, Zomorrodi A, Pitetti RD. Occurrence of serious bacterial infection in infants aged 60 days or younger with an apparent life-threatening event. Pediatr Emerg Care. Jan 2009;25(1):19-25. [Medline].
Doshi A, Bernard-Stover L, Kuelbs C, Castillo E, Stucky E. Apparent life-threatening event admissions and gastroesophageal reflux disease: the value of hospitalization. Pediatr Emerg Care. Jan 2012;28(1):17-21. [Medline].
Weiss K, Fattal-Valevski A, Reif S. How to evaluate the child presenting with an apparent life-threatening event?. Isr Med Assoc J. Mar 2010;12(3):154-7. [Medline].
Anjos AM, Nunes ML. Prevalence of epilepsy and seizure disorders as causes of apparent life- threatening event (ALTE) in children admitted to a tertiary hospital. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. Sep 2009;67(3A):616-20. [Medline].
Brand DA, Altman RL, Purtill K, Edwards KS. Yield of diagnostic testing in infants who have had an apparent life-threatening event. Pediatrics. Apr 2005;115(4):885-93. [Medline].
Kundra M, Duffy E, Thomas R, Mahajan PV. Management of an apparent life-threatening event: a survey of emergency physicians practice. Clin Pediatr (Phila). Feb 2012;51(2):130-3. [Medline].
Johnson PJ. Caffeine citrate therapy for apnea of prematurity. Neonatal Netw. Nov-Dec 2011;30(6):408-12. [Medline].
Kumral A, Tuzun F, Yesilirmak DC, Duman N, Ozkan H. Genetic basis of apnoea of prematurity and caffeine treatment response: role of adenosine receptor polymorphisms: Genetic basis of apnoea of prematurity. Acta Paediatr. Mar 8 2012;[Medline].
McGinley B, Halbower A, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Patil SP, Schneider H. Effect of a high-flow open nasal cannula system on obstructive sleep apnea in children. Pediatrics. Jul 2009;124(1):179-88. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Atwood CW Jr, McCrory D, Garcia JG, Abman SH, Ahearn GS. Pulmonary artery hypertension and sleep-disordered breathing: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. Jul 2004;126(1 Suppl):72S-77S. [Medline].
[Guideline] Kushida CA, Morgenthaler TI, Littner MR, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea with oral appliances: an update for 2005. Sleep. Feb 2006;29(2):240-3. [Medline].
[Guideline] Morgenthaler TI, Kapen S, Lee-Chiong T, et alT. Practice parameters for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. Aug 2006;29(8):1031-5. [Medline].

