Pneumonia, Bacterial: Multimedia

References

1. Mufson MA, Stanek RJ. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in one American City: a 20-year longitudinal study, 1978-1997. Am J Med. Jul 26 1999;107(1A):34S-43S. [Medline].

2. Kelly C. FDA Requests Boxed Warnings on Fluoroquinolone Antimicrobial Drugs. US Food and Drug Administration; July 2008. [Full Text].

3. Arnold FW, Ramirez JA, McDonald LC, Xia EL. Hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia: the pneumonia severity index vs clinical judgment. Chest. Jul 2003;124(1):121-4. [Medline].

4. Brown K. Pneumonia. In: Pediatric Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. 2^nd ed. 2002:219-25.

5. Bryan CS. Treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia: the case for penicillin G. Am J Med. Jul 26 1999;107(1A):63S-68S. [Medline].

6. Dwyer R, Ortqvist A, Aufwerber E, et al. Addition of a macrolide to a ss-lactam in bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Aug 2006;25(8):518-21. [Medline].

7. Flanders WD, Tucker G, Krishnadasan A, et al. Validation of the pneumonia severity index. Importance of study-specific recalibration. J Gen Intern Med. Jun 1999;14(6):333-40. [Medline].

8. Flood RG, Badik J, Aronoff SC. The utility of serum C-reactive protein in differentiating bacterial from nonbacterial pneumonia in children: a meta-analysis of 1230 children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Feb 2008;27(2):95-9. [Medline].

9. Foo RL, Graham SM, Suthisarnsuntorn U, Parry CM. Detection of pneumococcal capsular antigen in saliva of children with pneumonia. Ann Trop Paediatr. Jun 2000;20(2):161-3. [Medline].

10. Getahun D, Ananth CV, Peltier MR, et al. Acute and chronic respiratory diseases in pregnancy: associations with placental abruption. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Oct 2006;195(4):1180-4. [Medline].

11. Gilbert DN, Moellering RC, Eliopoulos GM, Sande MA. The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy. 38^th ed. 2008:35-6.

12. Gowardman J, Trent L. Severe community acquired pneumonia: a one-year analysis in a tertiary referral intensive care unit. N Z Med J. May 12 2000;113(1109):161-4. [Medline].

13. Khashab MM, Xiang J, Kahn JB. Comparison of the adverse event profiles of levofloxacin 500 mg and 750 mg in clinical trials for the treatment of respiratory infections. Curr Med Res Opin. Oct 2006;22(10):1997-2006. [Medline].

14. Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Feldman C. HIV and pneumococcal disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis. Feb 2007;20(1):11-5. [Medline].

15. Moffa DA, Emerman CL. Bronchitis, pneumonia & pleural empyema. In: Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. 6^th ed. 2004:446-51.

16. Molinos L, Fernandez R, Gullon JA, et al. [Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with hospital treatment. The value of the clinical picture and complementary exams in predicting its etiology]. Arch Bronconeumol. May 1997;33(5):230-4. [Medline].

17. Monton C, Ewig S, Torres A, et al. Role of glucocorticoids on inflammatory response in nonimmunosuppressed patients with pneumonia: a pilot study. Eur Respir J. Jul 1999;14(1):218-20. [Medline].

18. Mundy LM, Leet TL, Darst K, et al. Early mobilization of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. Sep 2003;124(3):883-9. [Medline].

19. Musher DM, Alexandraki I, Graviss EA, et al. Bacteremic and nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. A prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). Jul 2000;79(4):210-21. [Medline].

20. Reinert RR, Lutticken R, Lemperle M, Bryskier A. A comparative study of the in-vitro activity of levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. Jun 1999;43 Suppl C:5-8. [Medline].

21. Rittenhouse BE, Stinnett AA, Dulisse B, et al. An economic evaluation of levofloxacin versus cefuroxime axetil in the outpatient treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Manag Care. Mar 2000;6(3):381-9. [Medline].

22. Ruiz-Gonzalez A, Falguera M, Vives M, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: development of a bedside predictive model and scoring system to identify the aetiology. Respir Med. May 2000;94(5):505-10. [Medline].

23. Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S. Associations between periodontal disease and risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol. Dec 2003;8(1):54-69. [Medline].

24. Spiritus E, Chang RJ, Zhang J. Cost-effectiveness of clarithromycin compared to erythromycin and cefaclor in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 1997;112(3):5S.

25. Straus WL, Plouffe JF, File TM, et al. Risk factors for domestic acquisition of legionnaires disease. Ohio legionnaires Disease Group. Arch Intern Med. Aug 12-26 1996;156(15):1685-92. [Medline].

26. Waterer GW, Kessler LA, Wunderink RG. Medium-term survival after hospitalization with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Apr 15 2004;169(8):910-4. [Medline].

27. Waterer GW, Wunderink RG. The influence of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia on the usefulness of blood cultures. Respir Med. Jan 2001;95(1):78-82. [Medline].

28. Wood CA, Bosker G, Jones JS. Antibiotic update 1996: cost effective treatment guidelines for bacterial infections in the ED. Emerg Med Rep. 1996;17(1):1-11.

Further Reading

Keywords

lung infection, bacterial lung infection, bronchopneumonia, lung parenchyma, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, inhaled toxins, Legionella pneumophila infections, bronchiectasis, Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, Klebsiella infection, pneumococcal pneumonia, Pseudomonas infection, Haemophilus influenzae infection, pneumococcal species, pleuritic chest pain, wheezes, egophony on auscultation, rhonchi, rales, endotracheal intubation, lung tumors, Streptococcus pneumoniae, asthma, chronic alcoholism, diabetes, intravenous drug abuse, stroke, aspiration pneumonia, Moraxella catarrhalis species, Bacteroides species, Peptostreptococcus species, Fusobacterium species, bacterial pneumonia, community-acquired pneumonia, CAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia, HAP, institutional-acquired pneumonia, IAP

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

James M Stephen, MD, FAAEM, FACEP, Assistant Professor, Tufts University School of Medicine; Attending Physician and Director of Medical Informatics, Department of Emergency Medicine, Associate Director, Kiwanis Pediatric Trauma Service, Tufts Medical Center
James M Stephen, MD, FAAEM, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and American College of Emergency Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Dana A Stearns, MD, Assistant Director of Undergraduate Education, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
Dana A Stearns, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and American College of Emergency Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Paul Blackburn, DO, FACOEP, FACEP, Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Maricopa Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona
Paul Blackburn, DO, FACOEP, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, and Arizona Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

John D Halamka, MD, MS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director, Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Medical Center
Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Arkansas Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.