Methemoglobinemia: Multimedia

References

1. Moore TJ, Walsh CS, Cohen MR. Reported adverse event cases of methemoglobinemia associated with benzocaine products. Arch Intern Med. Jun 14 2004;164(11):1192-6. [Medline].

2. Ash-Bernal R, Wise R, Wright SM. Acquired methemoglobinemia: a retrospective series of 138 cases at 2 teaching hospitals. Medicine (Baltimore). Sep 2004;83(5):265-73. [Medline].

3. Conkling PR. Brown blood: understanding methemoglobinemia. N C Med J. Mar 1986;47(3):109-11. [Medline].

4. Ellenhorn MJ, Barceloux DG. Nitrates, nitrites, and methemoglobinemia. In: Medical Toxicology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisonings. 1988:844-851.

5. Fitzsimons MG, Gaudette RR, Hurford WE. Critical rebound methemoglobinemia after methylene blue treatment: case report. Pharmacotherapy. Apr 2004;24(4):538-40. [Medline].

6. Henretig FM, Gribetz B, Kearney T, Lacouture P, Lovejoy FH. Interpretation of color change in blood with varying degree of methemoglobinemia. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1988;26(5-6):293-301. [Medline].

7. Herman MI, Chyka PA, Butler AY, Rieger SE. Methylene blue by intraosseous infusion for methemoglobinemia. Ann Emerg Med. Jan 1999;33(1):111-3. [Medline].

8. Howland MA. Methylene blue. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 8^th ed. 2006:1746-1748.

9. Price D. Methemoglobin inducers. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 8^th ed. 2006:1734-1745.

10. Umbreit J. Methemoglobin--it's not just blue: a concise review. Am J Hematol. Feb 2007;82(2):134-44. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

methemoglobinemia, red blood cells, hemoglobin, methemoglobin levels, methemoglobin, hexose-monophosphate shunt pathway, diaphorase I, diaphorase II, heme group, iron, oxidation of iron, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH, methylene blue, cellular hypoxia, cyanosis, discoloration of skin, acidosis

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

David C Lee, MD, Research Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Associate Professor, North Shore University Hospital and New York University Medical School
David C Lee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Kathy L Ferguson, DO, Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Hospital of Queens, Queens, New York
Kathy L Ferguson, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and American College of Medical Toxicology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Lance W Kreplick, MD, MMM, FAAEM, FACEP, Medical Director of Hyperbaric Medicine, Fawcett Wound Management and Hyperbaric Medicine; Consulting Staff in Occupational Health and Rehabilitation, Company Care Occupational Health Services; President and Chief Executive Officer, QED Medical Solutions, LLC
Lance W Kreplick, MD, MMM, FAAEM, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and American College of Physician Executives
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD, Regional Director of Pharmacy, Sacred Heart & St. Joseph's Hospitals
John T VanDeVoort, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Michael J Burns, MD, Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Michael J Burns, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

John D Halamka, MD, MS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Asim Tarabar, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.