Neuroleptic Agent Toxicity Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Kathryn Ruth Challoner, MD, MPH, FACEP; Chief Editor: Asim Tarabar, MD more...
Differential Diagnoses
- Delirium Tremens
- Heat Exhaustion and Heatstroke
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Status Epilepticus
- Torsade de Pointes
- Toxicity, Anticholinergic
- Toxicity, Antidepressant
- Toxicity, Antihistamine
- Toxicity, Cocaine
- Toxicity, Lithium
- Toxicity, Methamphetamine
- Toxicity, Salicylate
- Toxicity, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
- Withdrawal Syndromes
DeSilva P, Fenton M, Rathbone J. Zotepine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Oct 18 2006;CD001948. [Medline].
Haddad PM, Dursun SM. Neurological complications of psychiatric drugs: clinical features and management. Hum Psychopharmacol. Jan 2008;23 Suppl 1:15-26. [Medline].
DE Hert M, Schreurs V, Vancampfort D, VAN Winkel R. Metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia: a review. World Psychiatry. Feb 2009;8(1):15-22. [Medline].
Shirzadi AA, Ghaemi SN. Side effects of atypical antipsychotics: extrapyramidal symptoms and the metabolic syndrome. Harv Rev Psychiatry. May-Jun 2006;14(3):152-64. [Medline].
Krause T, Gerbershagen MU, Fiege M, et al. Dantrolene--a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use and new developments. Anaesthesia. Apr 2004;59(4):364-73. [Medline].
Reulbach U, Dutsch C, Biermann T, Sperling W, Thuerauf N, Kornhuber J, et al. Managing an effective treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Crit Care. 2007;11(1):R4. [Medline].
Ananth J, Parameswaran S, Gunatilake S. Side effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(18):2219-29. [Medline].
Ananth J, Parameswaran S, Gunatilake S, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and atypical antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. Apr 2004;65(4):464-70. [Medline].
Bhanushali MJ, Tuite PJ. The evaluation and management of patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neurol Clin. May 2004;22(2):389-411. [Medline].
Brady WA. Life threatening syndromes presenting with altered mentation and muscular rigidity. Emerg Med Rep. 1999;20:5160.
Capel MM, Colbridge MG, Henry JA. Overdose profiles of new antipsychotic agents. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. Mar 2000;3(1):51-54. [Medline].
Carbone JR. The neuroleptic malignant and serotonin syndromes. Emerg Med Clin North Am. May 2000;18(2):317-25, x. [Medline].
Correll CU, Penzner JB, Parikh UH, Mughal T, Javed T, Carbon M. Recognizing and monitoring adverse events of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. Jan 2006;15(1):177-206. [Medline].
Dubois D. Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer?. Curr Opin Pediatr. Apr 2005;17(2):227-33. [Medline].
Ener RA, Meglathery SB, Van Decker WA, Gallagher RM. Serotonin syndrome and other serotonergic disorders. Pain Med. Mar 2003;4(1):63-74. [Medline].
Ferrando SJ, Eisendrath SJ. Adverse neuropsychiatric effects of dopamine antagonist medications. Misdiagnosis in the medical setting. Psychosomatics. 1991;32(4):426-32. [Medline].
Fleishman SB, Lavin MR, Sattler M, Szarka H. Antiemetic-induced akathisia in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. May 1994;151(5):763-5. [Medline].
Gareri P, De Fazio P, De Fazio S, Marigliano N, Ferreri Ibbadu G, De Sarro G. Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics in the elderly: a review. Drugs Aging. 2006;23(12):937-56. [Medline].
Gil-ad I, Shtaif B, Shiloh R, Weizman A. Evaluation of the neurotoxic activity of typical and atypical neuroleptics: relevance to iatrogenic extrapyramidal symptoms. Cell Mol Neurobiol. Dec 2001;21(6):705-16. [Medline].
Hasan S, Buckley P. Novel antipsychotics and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review and critique. Am J Psychiatry. Aug 1998;155(8):1113-6. [Medline].
Haupt DW. Differential metabolic effects of antipsychotic treatments. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. Sep 2006;16 Suppl 3:S149-55. [Medline].
Heiman-Patterson TD. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and malignant hyperthermia. Important issues for the medical consultant. Med Clin North Am. Mar 1993;77(2):477-92. [Medline].
Herrmann N, Lanctot KL. Do atypical antipsychotics cause stroke?. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(2):91-103. [Medline].
Isbister GK, Balit CR, Kilham HA. Antipsychotic poisoning in young children: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2005;28(11):1029-44. [Medline].
Knight ME, Roberts RJ. Phenothiazine and butyrophenone intoxication in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. Apr 1986;33(2):299-309. [Medline].
Le Blaye I, Donatini B, Hall M. Acute overdosage with clozapine: A review of the available clinical experience. Pharm Med. 1992;6:169.
Le Blaye I, Donatini B, Hall M, Krupp P. Acute overdosage with thioridazine: a review of the available clinical exposure. Vet Hum Toxicol. Apr 1993;35(2):147-50. [Medline].
Lee SH, Yang YY. Reversible neurotoxicity induced by a combination of clozapine and lithium: a case report. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). Mar 1999;62(3):184-7. [Medline].
Love JN, Smith JA, Simmons R. Are one or two dangerous? Phenothiazine exposure in toddlers. J Emerg Med. Jul 2006;31(1):53-9. [Medline].
McCarron MM, Boettger ML, Peck JJ. A case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome successfully treated with amantadine. J Clin Psychiatry. Sep 1982;43(9):381-2. [Medline].
Newcomer JW, Haupt DW. The metabolic effects of antipsychotic medications. Can J Psychiatry. Jul 2006;51(8):480-91. [Medline].
Nicholson D, Chiu W. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Geriatrics. Aug 2004;59(8):36, 38-40. [Medline].
Pacher P, Kecskemeti V. Cardiovascular side effects of new antidepressants and antipsychotics: new drugs, old concerns?. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(20):2463-75. [Medline].
Pelonero AL, Levenson JL, Pandurangi AK. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review. Psychiatr Serv. Sep 1998;49(9):1163-72. [Medline].
Pierre JM. Extrapyramidal symptoms with atypical antipsychotics : incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf. 2005;28(3):191-208. [Medline].
Sachdev P, Mason C, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Case-control study of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. Aug 1997;154(8):1156-8. [Medline].
Sakkas P, Davis JM, Janicak PG, Wang ZY. Drug treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1991;27(3):381-4. [Medline].
Sato Y, Asoh T, Metoki N, Satoh K. Efficacy of methylprednisolone pulse therapy on neuroleptic malignant syndrome in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. May 2003;74(5):574-6. [Medline].
Schneider SM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: controversies in treatment. Am J Emerg Med. Jul 1991;9(4):360-2. [Medline].
Titier K, Canal M, Deridet E, et al. Determination of myocardium to plasma concentration ratios of five antipsychotic drugs: comparison with their ability to induce arrhythmia and sudden death in clinical practice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. Aug 15 2004;199(1):52-60. [Medline].
Trenton A, Currier G, Zwemer F. Fatalities associated with therapeutic use and overdose of atypical antipsychotics. CNS Drugs. 2003;17(5):307-24. [Medline].
Viejo LF, Morales V, Punal P, et al. Risk factors in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. A case-control study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. Jan 2003;107(1):45-9. [Medline].
Wilt JL, Minnema AM, Johnson RF, Rosenblum AM. Torsade de pointes associated with the use of intravenous haloperidol. Ann Intern Med. Sep 1 1993;119(5):391-4. [Medline].
Zetin M. Psychopharmacohazardology: major hazards of the new generation of psychotherapeutic drugs. Int J Clin Pract. Jan 2004;58(1):58-68. [Medline].

