Withdrawal Syndromes: Multimedia

References

1. Nagy J. Alcohol Related Changes in Regulation of NMDA Receptor Functions. Curr Neuropharmacol. Mar 2008;6(1):39-54. [Medline].

2. Tarabar AF, Nelson LS. The gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome. Toxicol Rev. 2004;23(1):45-9. [Medline].

3. Wojtowicz JM, Yarema MC, Wax PM. Withdrawal from gamma-hydroxybutyrate, 1,4-butanediol and gamma-butyrolactone: a case report and systematic review. CJEM. Jan 2008;10(1):69-74. [Medline].

4. Otero-Antón E, González-Quintela A, Saborido J, Torre JA, Virgós A, Barrio E. Prolongation of the QTc interval during alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Acta Cardiol. 1997;52(3):285-94. [Medline].

5. Fisher CM. Prompt responses to the administration of ethanol in the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Neurologist. Sep 2009;15(5):242-4. [Medline].

6. Hack JB, Hoffmann RS, Nelson LS. Resistant alcohol withdrawal: does an unexpectedly large sedative requirement identify these patients early?. J Med Toxicol. Jun 2006;2(2):55-60. [Medline].

7. Hayner CE, Wuestefeld NL, Bolton PJ. Phenobarbital treatment in a patient with resistant alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Pharmacotherapy. Jul 2009;29(7):875-8. [Medline].

8. Subramaniam K, Gowda RM, Jani K, et al. Propofol combined with lorazepam for severe poly substance misuse and withdrawal states in intensive care unit: a case series and review. Emerg Med J. Sep 2004;21(5):632-4. [Medline]. [Full Text].

9. Kahkonen S, Bondarenko B, Lipsanen J, et al. Cardiovascular effects of propranolol in patients with alcohol dependence during withdrawal. Int J Psychophysiol. Dec 2007;66(3):225-30. [Medline].

10. LeTourneau JL, Hagg DS, Smith SM. Baclofen and gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal. Neurocrit Care. 2008;8(3):430-3. [Medline].

11. [Best Evidence] Weinberg JA, Magnotti LJ, Fischer PE, et al. Comparison of intravenous ethanol versus diazepam for alcohol withdrawal prophylaxis in the trauma ICU: results of a randomized trial. J Trauma. Jan 2008;64(1):99-104. [Medline].

12. Bayard M, McIntyre J, Hill KR, et al. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Am Fam Physician. Mar 15 2004;69(6):1443-50. [Medline]. [Full Text].

13. DeBellis R, Smith BS, Choi S, et al. Management of delirium tremens. J Intensive Care Med. May-Jun 2005;20(3):164-73. [Medline].

14. Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, et al. Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. CMAJ. Mar 9 1999;160(5):649-55. [Medline]. [Full Text].

15. Kosten TR, O'Connor PG. Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal. N Engl J Med. May 1 2003;348(18):1786-95. [Medline].

16. Mayo-Smith MF, Beecher LH, Fischer TL, et al. Management of alcohol withdrawal delirium. An evidence-based practice guideline. Arch Intern Med. Jul 12 2004;164(13):1405-12. [Medline].

17. McCowan C, Marik P. Refractory delirium tremens treated with propofol: a case series. Crit Care Med. Jun 2000;28(6):1781-4. [Medline].

18. Nimmerrichter AA, Walter H, Gutierrez-Lobos KE, Lesch OM. Double-blind controlled trial of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and clomethiazole in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Alcohol. Jan-Feb 2002;37(1):67-73. [Medline]. [Full Text].

19. Olmedo R, Hoffman RS. Withdrawal syndromes. Emerg Med Clin North Am. May 2000;18(2):273-88. [Medline].

20. Reoux JP, Miller K. Routine hospital alcohol detoxification practice compared to symptom triggered management with an Objective Withdrawal Scale (CIWA-Ar). Am J Addict. Spring 2000;9(2):135-44. [Medline].

21. Sullivan JT, Sykora K, Schneiderman J, et al. Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar). Br J Addict. Nov 1989;84(11):1353-7. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

withdrawal syndrome, drug withdrawal, alcohol withdrawal, alcoholism, alcohol tolerance, alcohol-withdrawal syndrome, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, AWS, drug abuse, drug tolerance, intravenous drug abuse, IV drug abuse, IVDA, opiate abuse, opiate withdrawal

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Nathanael J McKeown, DO, Assistant Professor, Oregon Health and Science University; Medical Toxicologist, Oregon Poison Center; Attending Physician, Emergency Medicine, Portland Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University
Nathanael J McKeown, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Patrick L West, MD, Clinical Instructor, Medical Toxicology Fellow, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University; Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Theodore J Gaeta, DO, MPH, FACEP, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College at Cornell University; Vice Chairman and Program Director of Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Methodist Hospital; Academic Chair, Adjunct Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, St George's University School of Medicine
Theodore J Gaeta, DO, MPH, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alliance for Clinical Education, American College of Emergency Physicians, Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, New York Academy of Medicine, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD, Regional Director of Pharmacy, Sacred Heart & St. Joseph's Hospitals
John T VanDeVoort, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Michael J Burns, MD, Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Michael J Burns, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

John D Halamka, MD, MS, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Asim Tarabar, MD, Assistant Professor, Director, Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.