Femur Fracture 

  • Author: James E Keany, MD, FACEP; Chief Editor: Rick Kulkarni, MD   more...
 
Updated: Jan 21, 2011
 

Background

This article discusses fractures of the femoral diaphysis. For proximal femur fractures (subtrochanteric to femoral head), see the article Fractures, Hip. For fractures of the distal femur (supracondylar to condylar), see the article Fractures, Knee.

The femur is the largest and strongest bone and has a good blood supply. Because of this and its protective surrounding muscle, the shaft requires a large amount of force to fracture. Once a fracture does occur, this same protective musculature usually is the cause of displacement, which commonly occurs with femoral shaft fractures.[1]

As with many orthopedic injuries, neurovascular complications and pain management are the most significant issues in patients who come to the ED. The rich blood supply, when disrupted, can result in significant bleeding. Open fractures have added potential for infection.[2]

The 3 types of femoral shaft fractures are as follows:

  • Type I - Spiral or transverse (most common)
  • Type II - Comminuted
  • Type III - Open

Associated injuries are common.

Anteroposterior radiograph of a femoral-shaft fracAnteroposterior radiograph of a femoral-shaft fracture in a 19-year-old man.
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Pathophysiology

Diaphyseal fractures result from significant force transmitted from a direct blow or from indirect force transmitted at the knee.[3]

Pathologic fractures may occur with relatively little force.[4] These may be the result of bone weakness from osteoporosis or lytic lesions.

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Epidemiology

Mortality/Morbidity

Morbidity and mortality rates have been reduced in femoral shaft fractures, mainly as the result of changes in methods of fracture immobilization. Current therapies allow for early mobilization, thus reducing the risk of complications associated with prolonged bed rest.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

James E Keany, MD, FACEP  Medical Director, TravelMDAssist; Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Services, Mission Hospital Regional Medical Center

James E Keany, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, and California Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Dekker McKeever, DPM  Chief Podiatric Surgery Resident Physician, Trauma and Reconstruction Specialist, Mission Hospital Regional Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francis Counselman, MD  Program Director, Chair, Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Francis Counselman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, Association of Academic Chairs of Emergency Medicine (AACEM), Norfolk Academy of Medicine, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine

Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Tom Scaletta, MD  Chairperson, Department of Emergency Medicine, Edward Hospital; Past-President, American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Tom Scaletta, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John D Halamka, MD, MS  Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Chief Information Officer, CareGroup Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

John D Halamka, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Rick Kulkarni, MD 

Rick Kulkarni, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: WebMD Salary Employment

References

  1. Hogan TM. Hip and femur. In: Hart RG, Rittenberry TJ, Uehara DT, eds. Handbook of Orthopaedic Emergencies. Publishers: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:307-8.

  2. Braten M, Helland P, Myhre HO, Molster A, Terjesen T. 11 femoral fractures with vascular injury: good outcome with early vascular repair and internal fixation. Acta Orthop Scand. Apr 1996;67(2):161-4. [Medline].

  3. DiChristina DG, Riemer BL, Butterfield SL, Burke CJ 3rd, Herron MK, Phillips DJ. Femur fractures with femoral or popliteal artery injuries in blunt trauma. J Orthop Trauma. Dec 1994;8(6):494-503. [Medline].

  4. Salminen S, Pihlajamaki H, Avikainen V, Kyro A, Bostman O. Specific features associated with femoral shaft fractures caused by low-energy trauma. J Trauma. Jul 1997;43(1):117-22. [Medline].

  5. Alho A. Concurrent ipsilateral fractures of the hip and shaft of the femur. A systematic review of 722 cases. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1997;86(4):326-36. [Medline].

  6. Starr AJ, Hunt JL, Reinert CM. Treatment of femur fracture with associated vascular injury. J Trauma. Jan 1996;40(1):17-21. [Medline].

  7. Baron JA, Karagas M, Barrett J, Kniffin W, Malenka D, Mayor M, et al. Basic epidemiology of fractures of the upper and lower limb among Americans over 65 years of age. Epidemiology. Nov 1996;7(6):612-8. [Medline].

  8. Harrington KD. Orthopaedic management of extremity and pelvic lesions. Clin Orthop. Mar 1995;(312):136-47. [Medline].

  9. Mohr VD, Eickhoff U, Haaker R, Klammer HL. External fixation of open femoral shaft fractures. J Trauma. Apr 1995;38(4):648-52. [Medline].

  10. Macnicol MF. Fracture of the femur in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Nov 1997;79(6):891-2. [Medline].

  11. Kanel JS. Treatment of fractures of the femur in children and adolescents. West J Med. Dec 1995;163(6):570. [Medline].

  12. Illgen R 2nd, Rodgers WB, Hresko MT, Waters PM, Zurakowski D, Kasser JR. Femur fractures in children: treatment with early sitting spica casting. J Pediatr Orthop. Jul-Aug 1998;18(4):481-7. [Medline].

  13. Blasier RD, Aronson J, Tursky EA. External fixation of pediatric femur fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. May-Jun 1997;17(3):342-6. [Medline].

  14. Clinkscales CM, Peterson HA. Isolated closed diaphyseal fractures of the femur in children: comparison of effectiveness and cost of several treatment methods. Orthopedics. Dec 1997;20(12):1131-6. [Medline].

  15. Mahaisavariya B, Laupattarakasem W. Late open nailing for neglected femoral shaft fractures. Injury. Oct 1995;26(8):527-9. [Medline].

  16. Robertson P, Karol LA, Rab GT. Open fractures of the tibia and femur in children. J Pediatr Orthop. Sep-Oct 1996;16(5):621-6. [Medline].

  17. Lefaivre KA, Starr AJ, Stahel PF, Elliott AC, Smith WR. Prediction of pulmonary morbidity and mortality in patients with femur fracture. J Trauma. Dec 2010;69(6):1527-35; discussion 1535-6. [Medline].

  18. Sartoretti C, Sartoretti-Schefer S, Ruckert R, Buchmann P. Comorbid conditions in old patients with femur fractures. J Trauma. Oct 1997;43(4):570-7. [Medline].

 
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Anteroposterior radiograph of a femur fracture in a 45-year-old man.
Anteroposterior radiograph of a femoral-shaft fracture in a 19-year-old man.
 
 
 
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