Phosgene Exposure Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Joy C Crandall, DO; Chief Editor: Robert G Darling, MD, FACEP more...
Differential Diagnoses
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Altitude Illness - Pulmonary Syndromes
- Anaphylaxis
- Anxiety
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
- CBRNE - Lung-Damaging Agents, Chlorine
- CBRNE - Lung-Damaging Agents, Chloropicrin
- CBRNE - Lung-Damaging Agents, Diphosgene
- CBRNE - Lung-Damaging Agents, Toxic Smokes: Nox, Hc, Rp, Fs, Fm, Sgf2, Teflon
- Hyperventilation Syndrome
- Pediatrics, Bronchiolitis
- Pediatrics, Croup or Laryngotracheobronchitis
- Pediatrics, Epiglottitis
- Pediatrics, Pneumonia
- Pediatrics, Reactive Airway Disease
- Pediatrics, Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade
- Pneumonia, Aspiration
- Pneumonia, Bacterial
- Pneumonia, Immunocompromised
- Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
- Pneumonia, Viral
- Pneumothorax, Iatrogenic, Spontaneous and Pneumomediastinum
- Pneumothorax, Tension and Traumatic
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult
- Smoke Inhalation
- Toxicity, Ammonia
- Toxicity, Chlorine Gas
US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Safety and Health Topics: Phosgene. Revised October 10, 2003. Available at http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_262200.html. Accessed May 27, 2009.
Sciuto AM, Clapp DL, Hess ZA, Moran TS. The temporal profile of cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in mice exposed to the industrial gas phosgene. Inhal Toxicol. Jun 2003;15(7):687-700. [Medline].
Qin XJ, Li YN, Liang X, Wang P, Hai CX. The dysfunction of ATPases due to impaired mitochondrial respiration in phosgene-induced pulmonary edema. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Feb 29 2008;367(1):150-5. [Medline].
Grainge C, Smith AJ, Jugg BJ, Fairhall SJ, Mann T, Perrott R, et al. Furosemide in the treatment of phosgene induced acute lung injury. J R Army Med Corps. Dec 2010;156(4):245-50. [Medline].
Chen HL, Hai CX, Liang X, Zhang XD, Liu R, Qin XJ. Correlation between sPLA2-IIA and phosgene-induced rat acute lung injury. Inhal Toxicol. Feb 2009;21(4):374-80. [Medline].
[Guideline] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Medical management guidelines for phosgene. Accessed March 29, 2006;[Full Text].
de Lange DW, Meulenbelt J. Do corticosteroids have a role in preventing or reducing acute toxic lung injury caused by inhalation of chemical agents?. Clin Toxicol (Phila). Feb 2011;49(2):61-71. [Medline].
Borak J, Diller WF. Phosgene exposure: mechanisms of injury and treatment strategies. J Occup Environ Med. Feb 2001;43(2):110-9. [Medline].
Bradley BL, Unger KM. Phosgene inhalation: a case report. Tex Med. May 1982;78(5):51-3. [Medline].
Cucinell SA. Review of the toxicity of long-term phosgene exposure. Arch Environ Health. May 1974;28(5):272-5. [Medline].
Diller WF. Early diagnosis of phosgene overexposure. Toxicol Ind Health. Oct 1985;1(2):73-80. [Medline].
Diller WF. Late sequelae after phosgene poisoning: a literature review. Toxicol Ind Health. Oct 1985;1(2):129-36. [Medline].
Diller WF. Pathogenesis of phosgene poisoning. Toxicol Ind Health. Oct 1985;1(2):7-15. [Medline].
Diller WF. Therapeutic strategy in phosgene poisoning. Toxicol Ind Health. Oct 1985;1(2):93-9. [Medline].
Diller WF, Zante R. A literature review: therapy for phosgene poisoning. Toxicol Ind Health. Oct 1985;1(2):117-28. [Medline].
Everett ED, Overholt EL. Phosgene poisoning. JAMA. Jul 22 1968;205(4):243-5. [Medline].
Glass WI, Harris EA, Whitlock RM. Phosgene poisoning: case report. N Z Med J. Dec 1971;74(475):386-9. [Medline].
Guo YL, Kennedy TP, Michael JR, Sciuto AM, Ghio AJ, Adkinson NF Jr, et al. Mechanism of phosgene-induced lung toxicity: role of arachidonate mediators. J Appl Physiol. Nov 1990;69(5):1615-22. [Medline].
Karalliedde L, Wheeler H, Maclehose R. Possible immediate and long-term health effects following exposure to chemical warfare agents. Public Health. Jul 2000;114(4):238-48. [Medline].
Kennedy TP, Michael JR, Hoidal JR. Dibutyryl cAMP, aminophylline, and beta-adrenergic agonists protect against pulmonary edema caused by phosgene. J Appl Physiol. Dec 1989;67(6):2542-52. [Medline].
Lazarus AA, Devereaux A. Potential agents of chemical warfare. Worst-case scenario protection and decontamination methods. Postgrad Med. Nov 2002;112(5):133-40. [Medline].
Lim SC, Yang JY, Jang AS, Park YU, Kim YC, Choi IS, et al. Acute lung injury after phosgene inhalation. Korean J Intern Med. Jan 1996;11(1):87-92. [Medline].
Parrish JS, Bradshaw DA. Toxic inhalational injury: gas, vapor and vesicant exposure. Respir Care Clin N Am. Mar 2004;10(1):43-58. [Medline].
Peters PL. Phosgene medical information. J Ark Med Soc. Oct 1977;74(5):193-5. [Medline].
Polednak AP, Hollis DR. Mortality and causes of death among workers exposed to phosgene in 1943-45. Toxicol Ind Health. Oct 1985;1(2):137-51. [Medline].
Regan RA. Review of clinical experience in handling phosgene exposure cases. Toxicol Ind Health. Oct 1985;1(2):69-72. [Medline].
Sciuto AM, Hurt HH. Therapeutic treatments of phosgene-induced lung injury. Inhal Toxicol. Jul 2004;16(8):565-80. [Medline].
Sciuto AM, Moran TS, Narula A, Forster JS. Disruption of gas exchange in mice after exposure to the chemical threat agent phosgene. Mil Med. Sep 2001;166(9):809-14. [Medline].
Sidell FR. Triage of chemical casualties. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. 1997:337-49.
Smart JK. History of chemical and biological warfare: an American perspective. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. 1997;9-86.
Snyder RW, Mishel HS, Christensen GC. Pulmonary toxicity following exposure to methylene chloride and its combustion product, phosgene. Chest. Mar 1992;101(3):860-1. [Medline].
Snyder RW, Mishel HS, Christensen GC 3rd. Pulmonary toxicity following exposure to methylene chloride and its combustion product, phosgene. Chest. Dec 1992;102(6):1921. [Medline].
Urbanetti JS. Toxic inhalational injury. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. 1997;247-270.
US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. 3rd ed. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook. 1999.
Wang YT, Lee LK, Poh SC. Phosgene poisoning from a smoke grenade. Eur J Respir Dis. Feb 1987;70(2):126-8. [Medline].
Warden CR. Respiratory agents: irritant gases, riot control agents, incapacitants, and caustics. Crit Care Clin. Oct 2005;21(4):719-37, vi. [Medline].
Wells BA. Phosgene: a practitioner's viewpoint. Toxicol Ind Health. Oct 1985;1(2):81-92. [Medline].
Wyatt JP, Allister CA. Occupational phosgene poisoning: a case report and review. J Accid Emerg Med. Sep 1995;12(3):212-3. [Medline].

