Eyelid Anatomy: Multimedia

References

1. Knize DM. The superficial lateral canthal tendon: anatomic study and clinical application to lateral canthopexy. Plast Reconstr Surg. Mar 2002;109(3):1149-57; discussion 1158-63. [Medline].

2. Flowers RS, Nassif JM, Rubin PA, et al. A key to canthopexy: the tarsal strap. A fresh cadaveric study. Plast Reconstr Surg. Nov 2005;116(6):1752-8; discussion 1759-60. [Medline].

3. Reid RR, Said HK, Yu M, et al. Revisiting upper eyelid anatomy: introduction of the septal extension. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jan 2006;117(1):65-6; discussion 71-2. [Medline].

4. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Nakano T, et al. The levator aponeurosis consists of two layers that include smooth muscle. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. Jul 2005;21(4):281-4. [Medline].

5. Cockerham KP, Hidayat AA, Brown HG, et al. Clinicopathologic evaluation of the Mueller muscle in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. Jan 2002;18(1):11-7. [Medline].

6. Doxanas MT, Anderson RL. Clinical Orbital Anatomy. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1984.

7. Gioia VM, Linberg JV, McCormick SA. The anatomy of the lateral canthal tendon. Arch Ophthalmol. Apr 1987;105(4):529-32. [Medline].

8. Hawes MJ, Dortzbach RK. The microscopic anatomy of the lower eyelid retractors. Arch Ophthalmol. Aug 1982;100(8):1313-8. [Medline].

9. Kakizaki H, Jinsong Z, Zako M, et al. Microscopic anatomy of Asian lower eyelids. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. Nov-Dec 2006;22(6):430-3. [Medline].

10. Lowe JB 3rd, Cohen M, Hunter DA, et al. Analysis of the nerve branches to the orbicularis oculi muscle of the lower eyelid in fresh cadavers. Plast Reconstr Surg. Nov 2005;116(6):1743-9; discussion 1750-1. [Medline].

11. Matsuo K. Stretching of the Mueller muscle results ininvoluntary contraction of the levator muscle. Ophth Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002.

12. Muzaffar AR, Mendelson BC, Adams WP Jr. Surgical anatomy of the ligamentous attachments of the lower lid and lateral canthus. Plast Reconstr Surg. Sep 1 2002;110(3):873-84; discussion 897-911. [Medline].

13. Patel BCK. Surgical eyelid and periorbital anatomy. Semin Ophthalmol. 1996;11:118-37.

14. Tucker SM, Linberg JV. Vascular anatomy of the eyelids. Ophthalmology. Jun 1994;101(6):1118-21. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

eyelid anatomy, periocular anatomy, periorbital anatomy, lid anatomy, eyelid anatomy, eyelids, orbicularis oculi muscle, submuscular areolar tissue, tarsal plates, tarsi, orbital septum, medial palpebral ligament, lateral palpebral ligament, orbicularis retaining ligament, eyelid retractors, postseptal fat pads, lower lid retractors, fat pads, conjunctiva

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Bhupendra Patel, MD, FRCS, Professor of Ophthalmic Plastic and Facial Cosmetic Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine
Bhupendra Patel, MD, FRCS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons of England, and Royal Society of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Simon F Taylor, MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS, Clinical Senior Lecturer, Oculoplastic Surgery, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney
Simon F Taylor, MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS is a member of the following medical societies: Australian Medical Association and Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Roshmi Gupta, MBBS, Consulting Staff, Division of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, L V Prasad Eye Institute
Roshmi Gupta, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Mimi S Kokoska, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Chief, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
Mimi S Kokoska, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Surgeons, American Head and Neck Society, and Arkansas Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Keith A LaFerriere, MD, Clinical Professor, Fellowship Director, Department Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri at Columbia
Keith A LaFerriere, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, and Missouri State Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Christopher L Slack, MD, Otolaryngology-Facial Plastic Surgery, Private Practice, Associated Coastal ENT; Medical Director, Treasure Coast Sleep Disorders
Christopher L Slack, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA, Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Head and Neck Society
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