Orbit Anatomy: Multimedia

References

1. Trokel SL, Hilal SK. Recognition and differential diagnosis of enlarged extraocular muscles in computed tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. Apr 1979;87(4):503-12. [Medline].

2. Colson AE, Daily JP. Orbital apex syndrome and cavernous sinus thrombosis due to infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis. Sep 1999;29(3):701-2. [Medline].

3. Doxanas MT, Anderson RL. Clinical Orbital Anatomy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;1984.

4. Heufelder AE, Spitzweg C. Immunology of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Dev Ophthalmol. 1999;30:24-38. [Medline].

5. Maniscalco JE, Habal MB. Microanatomy of the optic canal. J Neurosurg. Mar 1978;48(3):402-6. [Medline].

6. Phatouros CC, Meyers PM, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Malek AM, Higashida RT. Carotid artery cavernous fistulas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. Jan 2000;11(1):67-84, viii. [Medline].

7. Tveteras K, Kristensen S, Dommerby H. Septic cavernous and lateral sinus thrombosis: modern diagnostic and therapeutic principles. J Laryngol Otol. Oct 1988;102(10):877-82. [Medline].

8. Ziccardi VB, Russavage J, Sotereanos GC, Patterson GT. Oculocardiac reflex: pathophysiology and case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. Feb 1991;71(2):137-8. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

orbit anatomy, eye anatomy, orbital anatomy, orbital roof, orbital floor, supraorbital rim, trochlea, supratrochlear notch, infraorbital foramen, optic canal, optic nerve, lacrimal system, bulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, oculocardiac reflex, ophthalmic artery, infraorbital artery

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Guy J Petruzzelli, MD, PhD, MBA, FACS, The Charles Arthur Weaver Professor of Cancer Research, Professor and Senior Attending Physician, Director of Head, Neck, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Rush University Medical Center
Guy J Petruzzelli, MD, PhD, MBA, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Clinical Anatomists, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Head and Neck Surgery, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Chicago Medical Society, North American Skull Base Society, Society of Surgical Oncology, Society of University Otolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons, and Southwest Oncology Group
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Christopher M Hampson, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University of Chicago Medical Center
Christopher M Hampson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Mimi S Kokoska, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Chief, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
Mimi S Kokoska, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Surgeons, American Head and Neck Society, and Arkansas Medical Society
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Robert M Kellman, MD, Professor and Chair, Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University
Robert M Kellman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Neurotology Society, American Rhinologic Society, American Society for Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Society of the State of New York, and Triological Society
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CME Editor

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Christopher L Slack, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Medical Association
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Chief Editor

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA, Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Head and Neck Society
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