Congenital Malformations, Mouth and Pharynx: Multimedia

References

1. Bevilacqua RG, Ritoli EL, Kang C, et al. Midmaxillary internal distraction osteogenesis: ideal surgery for the mature cleft patient. Plast Reconstr Surg. May 2008;121(5):1768-78. [Medline].

2. Lam DJ, Starr JR, Perkins JA, et al. A comparison of nasendoscopy and multiview videofluoroscopy in assessing velopharyngeal insufficiency. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Mar 2006;134(3):394-402. [Medline].

3. Brondsted K, Liisberg WB, Orsted A, et al. Surgical and speech results following palatopharyngoplasty operations in Denmark 1959-1977. Cleft Palate J. Jul 1984;21(3):170-9. [Medline].

4. Cohen MM Jr. Syndromes with cleft lip and cleft palate. Cleft Palate J. Oct 1978;15(4):306-28. [Medline].

5. Dado DV. Experience with the functional cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. Nov 1990;86(5):872-81. [Medline].

6. Dionisopoulos T, Williams HB. Congenital anomalies of the Ear, Nose and Throat. New York: Oxford University Press; 1997:243-62.

7. Fara M. The musculature of cleft lip and palate. In: McCarthy JG, ed. Plastic Surgery. Vol 4. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1990:2598-626.

8. Kernahan DA. The striped Y--a symbolic classification for cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. May 1971;47(5):469-70. [Medline].

9. Khosla RK, Mabry K. Clinical outcomes of the furlow z-plasty for primary cleft palate repair. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2006;45:501-10.

10. McComb H. Primary repair of the bilateral cleft lip nose: a 4-year review. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jul 1994;94(1):37-47; discussion 48-50. [Medline].

11. Nora JJ, Fraser FC, Bear J, et al. Medical Genetics: Principle and Practice. 4^th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1994:270-9.

12. Pavlin JE, O'Gorman A, Williams HB, et al. Epignathus: a report of two cases. Ann Plast Surg. Nov 1984;13(5):452-6. [Medline].

13. Rutrick R, Black PW, Jurkiewicz MJ. Bilateral cleft lip and palate: presurgical treatment. Ann Plast Surg. Feb 1984;12(2):105-17. [Medline].

14. Vogel JE, Mulliken JB, Kaban LB. Macroglossia: a review of the condition and a new classification. Plast Reconstr Surg. Dec 1986;78(6):715-23. [Medline].

15. Wójcicki P, Swidzinski P, Wójcicka G. [Velopharyngeal incompentance treated by the pharyngeal flap and the Orticochea pharyngoplasty--a comparison of speech results]. Otolaryngol Pol. 2005;59(5):705-12. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

congenital malformations of the mouth and pharynx, mouth malformations, mouth deformities, pharynx malformations, CL/P, CP, CL, CL&P, CLP, cleft lip, cleft palate, cleft lip and palate, velopharyngeal insufficiency, VPI, Davis and Ritchie classification, Veau classification, Kernahan and Stark symbolic classification

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Ted L Tewfik, MD, FRCS(C), Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, Director of Continuing Medical Education of Otolaryngology, McGill University Medical School; Director, Director of Professional Affairs of Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology, Montreal Children's Hospital; Senior Staff, Montreal General Hospital and Royal Victoria Hospital
Ted L Tewfik, MD, FRCS(C) is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Quebec Medical Association, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Naznin Karsan, MD, MSc, Staff Physician, Department of Otolaryngology, McGill University, Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Michael J Biavati, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern
Michael J Biavati, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Laryngological Rhinological and Otological Society, American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Society for Ear, Nose and Throat Advances in Children, and Texas Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Gregory C Allen, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Gregory C Allen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Laryngological Rhinological and Otological Society, American Medical Association, Christian Medical & Dental Society, and Colorado Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Christopher L Slack, MD, Otolaryngology-Facial Plastic Surgery, Private Practice, Associated Coastal ENT; Medical Director, Treasure Coast Sleep Disorders
Christopher L Slack, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA, Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Head and Neck Society
Disclosure: Covidien Corp Consulting fee Consulting; US Tobacco Corporation unstricted gift unknown