BOTOX (R) Injections to Improve Facial Aesthetics: Multimedia

References

1. Blitzer A, Binder WJ, Aviv JE, et al. The management of hyperfunctional facial lines with botulinum toxin. A collaborative study of 210 injection sites in 162 patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Apr 1997;123(4):389-92. [Medline].

2. Pribitkin EA, Greco TM, Goode RL, et al. Patient selection in the treatment of glabellar wrinkles with botulinum toxin type A injection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Mar 1997;123(3):321-6. [Medline].

3. Ahn KY, Park MY, Park DH, et al. Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of facial hyperkinetic wrinkle lines in Koreans. Plast Reconstr Surg. Feb 2000;105(2):778-84. [Medline].

4. Carruthers J, Fagien S, Matarasso SL. Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type a in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg. Nov 2004;114(6 Suppl):1S-22S. [Medline].

5. Hexsel DM, De Almeida AT, Rutowitsch M, et al. Multicenter, double-blind study of the efficacy of injections with botulinum toxin type A reconstituted up to six consecutive weeks before application. Dermatol Surg. May 2003;29(5):523-9; discussion 529. [Medline].

6. Carruthers A, Carruthers J. Clinical indications and injection technique for the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg. Nov 1998;24(11):1189-94. [Medline].

7. Binder WJ, Blitzer A, Brin MF. Treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face with botulinum toxin A. Dermatol Surg. Nov 1998;24(11):1198-205. [Medline].

8. Carruthers JD, Lowe NJ, Menter MA, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for patients with glabellar lines. Plast Reconstr Surg. Sep 15 2003;112(4):1089-98. [Medline].

9. de Paiva A, Meunier FA, Molgo J, et al. Functional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Mar 16 1999;96(6):3200-5. [Medline].

10. Frankel AS, Kamer FM. Chemical browlift. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Mar 1998;124(3):321-3. [Medline].

11. Hallett M. One man's poison--clinical applications of botulinum toxin. N Engl J Med. Jul 8 1999;341(2):118-20. [Medline].

12. Holds JB, Alderson K, Fogg SG, et al. Motor nerve sprouting in human orbicularis muscle after botulinum A injection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. May 1990;31(5):964-7. [Medline].

13. Jitpimolmard S, Tiamkao S, Laopaiboon M. Long term results of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of hemifacial spasm: a report of 175 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Jun 1998;64(6):751-7. [Medline].

14. Klein AW. Dilution and storage of botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg. Nov 1998;24(11):1179-80. [Medline].

15. Laccourreye O, Akl E, Gutierrez-Fonseca R, et al. Recurrent gustatory sweating (Frey syndrome) after intracutaneous injection of botulinum toxin type A: incidence, management, and outcome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Mar 1999;125(3):283-6. [Medline].

16. Lowe NJ. Botulinum toxin type A for facial rejuvenation. United States and United Kingdom perspectives. Dermatol Surg. Nov 1998;24(11):1216-8. [Medline].

17. Matarasso SL. Complications of botulinum A exotoxin for hyperfunctional lines. Dermatol Surg. Nov 1998;24(11):1249-54. [Medline].

18. Mauriello JA Jr, Keswani R, Franklin M. Long-term enhancement of botulinum toxin injections by upper-eyelid surgery in 14 patients with facial dyskinesias. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Jun 1999;125(6):627-31. [Medline].

19. Werner JA, Gottschlich S. Recent advances. Otorhinolaryngology. BMJ. Aug 9 1997;315(7104):354-7. [Medline].

20. Wieder JM, Moy RL. Understanding botulinum toxin. Surgical anatomy of the frown, forehead, and periocular region. Dermatol Surg. Nov 1998;24(11):1172-4. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

BOTOX® injections, botulinum toxin, botulinum, botulinum toxin A, Clostridium botulinum, hyperfunctional facial lines, BOTOX® injections, BOTOX®, crows feet

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Pramit S Malhotra, MD, MS, Director, Malhotra Center for Plastic Surgery, PC
Pramit S Malhotra, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Medical Association, and American Society of Plastic Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Daniel G Danahey, MD, PhD, Consulting Staff, Michiana Eye Center and Facial Plastic Surgery
Daniel G Danahey, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Association, Sigma Xi, and Triological Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Peter Hilger, MD, Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota Medical School
Peter Hilger, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, and Minnesota Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Jennifer P Porter, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Communicative Science, Chevy Chase Facial Plastic Surgery
Jennifer P Porter, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Texas Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Keith A LaFerriere, MD, Clinical Professor, Fellowship Director, Department Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri at Columbia
Keith A LaFerriere, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, and Missouri State Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Christopher L Slack, MD, Otolaryngology-Facial Plastic Surgery, Private Practice, Associated Coastal ENT; Medical Director, Treasure Coast Sleep Disorders
Christopher L Slack, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA, Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Head and Neck Society
Disclosure: Covidien Corp Consulting fee Consulting; US Tobacco Corporation unstricted gift unknown; Axis Three Corporation Ownership interest Consulting; Omni Biosciences Ownership interest Consulting; Sentegra Ownership interest Board membership; Syndicom Ownership interest Consulting; Oxlo  Consulting; Medvoy Ownership interest Management position