Patient Education
For excellent patient education resources, visit eMedicine's Ear, Nose, and Throat Center. Also, see eMedicine's patient education articles Earache and Tinnitus.
Adour KK. Acute temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome: neuro-otologic and electromyographic study. Am J Otolaryngol. May 1981;2(2):114-22. [Medline].
Al-Sheikhli AR. Pain in the ear--with special reference to referred pain. J Laryngol Otol. Dec 1980;94(12):1433-40. [Medline].
Frankel VH. Whiplash injuries to the neck. In: Hirsch C, Zotterman Y, eds. Cervical Pain. New York, NY: Pergamon Press; 1971.
Gibson WS Jr, Cochran W. Otalgia in infants and children--a manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1994;Jan;28(2-3):213-8.
Goethals PL. Referred otalgia. JFMA. Jun 1972;59(6):26-30. [Medline].
Kreisberg MK, Turner J. Dental causes of referred otalgia. Ear Nose Throat J. Oct 1987;66(10):398-408. [Medline].
Kuttila S, Kuttila M, Le Bell Y. Characteristics of subjects with secondary otalgia. J Orofac Pain. Summer 2004;18(3):226-34.
Malik MK, Sharma JK. Referred otalgia of dental origin. J Indian Dent Assoc. Oct 1975;47(10):413-6. [Medline].
Olsen KD. The many causes of otalgia. Infection, trauma, cancer. Postgrad Med. Nov 1 1986;80(6):50-2, 55-6, 61-3. [Medline].
Sataloff RT, Price DB. Distention of the stylomandibular ligament as a cause of styloid pain syndrome. Ear Nose Throat J. Sep 1984;63(9):412-5. [Medline].
Scarbrough TJ, Day TA, Williams TE. Referred otalgia in head and neck cancer: a unifying schema. Am J Clin Oncol. 2003;Oct;26(5):e157-62.
Shah RK, Blevins NH. Otalgia. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. Dec 2003;36(6):1137-51. [Medline].
Subramaniam S, Majid MD. Eagle's syndrome. Med J Malaysia. Mar 2003;58(1):139-41. [Medline].
Thaller SR, De Silva A. Otalgia with a normal ear. Am Fam Physician. Oct 1987;36(4):129-36. [Medline].
Travell JG, Simons DG. Myofascial pain and dysfunction. In: The Trigger Point Manual. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1983.
Wazen JJ. Referred otalgia. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. Dec 1989;22(6):1205-15. [Medline].
Williamson EH. The interrelationship of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint, headache, vertigo, and tinnitus: a survey of 25 patients. Facial Orthop Temporomandibular Arthrol. Jan 1986;3(1):13-7. [Medline].
Yules RB. Differential diagnosis of referred otalgia. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. May 1967;46(5):587-8. [Medline].

