Thyroid Cancer: Multimedia

References

1. Ain KB. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: behavior, biology, and therapeutic approaches. Thyroid. Aug 1998;8(8):715-26. [Medline].

2. AJCC. Thyroid gland. In: Fleming ID, Cooper JS, Henson DE, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 5^th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1997:59-61.

3. Ansell SM, Grant CS, Habermann TM. Primary thyroid lymphoma. Semin Oncol. Jun 1999;26(3):316-23. [Medline].

4. Ashcraft MW, Van Herle AJ. Management of thyroid nodules. II: Scanning techniques, thyroid suppressive therapy, and fine needle aspiration. Head Neck Surg. Mar-Apr 1981;3(4):297-322. [Medline].

5. Austin JR, el-Naggar AK, Goepfert H. Thyroid cancers. II. Medullary, anaplastic, lymphoma, sarcoma, squamous cell. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. Aug 1996;29(4):611-27. [Medline].

6. Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA, et al. Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules: relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity. Am J Med. Oct 1992;93(4):363-9. [Medline].

7. Bergholm U, Bergstrom R, Ekbom A. Long-term follow-up of patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Cancer. Jan 1 1997;79(1):132-8. [Medline].

8. Chen H, Udelsman R. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: justification for total thyroidectomy and management of lymph node metastases. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. Oct 1998;7(4):645-63. [Medline].

9. Gharib H, Goellner JR. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: an appraisal. Ann Intern Med. Feb 15 1993;118(4):282-9. [Medline].

10. Giuffrida D, Gharib H. Current diagnosis and management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Oncol. Jul 1998;9(7):695-701. [Medline].

11. Goldman ND, Coniglio JU, Falk SA. Thyroid cancers. I. Papillary, follicular, and Hürthle cell. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. Aug 1996;29(4):593-609. [Medline].

12. Hamburger JI, Miller JM, Kini SR. Lymphoma of the thyroid. Ann Intern Med. Nov 1983;99(5):685-93. [Medline].

13. Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, et al. Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery. Dec 1993;114(6):1050-7; discussion 1057-8. [Medline].

14. Holm LE, Blomgren H, Löwhagen T. Cancer risks in patients with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. N Engl J Med. Mar 7 1985;312(10):601-4. [Medline].

15. Lairmore TC, Frisella MM, Wells SA Jr. Genetic testing and early thyroidectomy for inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Med. Oct 1996;28(5):401-6. [Medline].

16. Leeper RD, Shimaoka K. Treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jul 1980;9(2):383-404. [Medline].

17. Mazzaferri EL. An overview of the management of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. May 1999;9(5):421-7. [Medline].

18. Mazzaferri EL. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med. Feb 25 1993;328(8):553-9. [Medline].

19. Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med. Nov 1994;97(5):418-28. [Medline].

20. McConahey WM, Hay ID, Woolner LB, van Heerden JA, Taylor WF. Papillary thyroid cancer treated at the Mayo Clinic, 1946 through 1970: initial manifestations, pathologic findings, therapy, and outcome. Mayo Clin Proc. Dec 1986;61(12):978-96. [Medline].

21. Moosa M, Mazzaferri EL. Management of thyroid neoplasms. Otol Head Neck Surg. 3:2480-518.

22. Rosai J, Carcangiu ML, DeLellis RA. Tumors of the thyroid gland. In: Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Third series. Fasicle 5. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1992.

23. Schlumberger MJ. Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. N Engl J Med. Jan 29 1998;338(5):297-306. [Medline].

24. Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR. Patterns of failure in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid based on risk groups. Head Neck. Jan 1998;20(1):26-30. [Medline].

25. Singer PA. Evaluation and management of the solitary thyroid nodule. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. Aug 1996;29(4):577-91. [Medline].

26. Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, et al. Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association. Arch Intern Med. Oct 28 1996;156(19):2165-72. [Medline].

27. Wells SA Jr, Skinner MA. Prophylactic thyroidectomy, based on direct genetic testing, in patients at risk for the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998;106(1):29-34. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

thyroid cancer, thyroid carcinoma, thyroid neoplasms, papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, MTC, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, Hürthle cell carcinoma, thyroid malignancy, thyroid disease, primary thyroid lymphoma, primary thyroid sarcoma, thyroid nodule, multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A, MEN 2A, multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B, MEN 2B, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, FMTC, RET proto-oncogene, genetic testing, thyroidectomy, isthmectomy, thyroid lobectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy, total thyroidectomy

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Pramod K Sharma, MD, Consulting Staff, Ear, Nose and Throat Center
Pramod K Sharma, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Head and Neck Society, American Laryngological Rhinological and Otological Society, American Medical Association, American Rhinologic Society, Society of University Otolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons, and Utah Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Michael M Johns III, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine; Director, Emory Voice Center, Emory Healthcare; Chief of Otolaryngology, Emory Crawford Long Hospital
Michael M Johns III, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Bronchoesophagological Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Voice Foundation
Disclosure: American Geriatrics Society Grant/research funds Other; Medtronic Xomed Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Medical Editor

Samia Nawaz, MD, Section Chief, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado
Samia Nawaz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Pathologists, American Society of Cytopathology, and International Academy of Pathology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Nader Sadeghi, MD, FRCS(C), Associate Professor of Surgery, Director of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, George Washington University
Nader Sadeghi, MD, FRCS(C) is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Head and Neck Society, Federation of Medical Specialists in Quebec, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Christopher L Slack, MD, Otolaryngology-Facial Plastic Surgery, Private Practice, Associated Coastal ENT; Medical Director, Treasure Coast Sleep Disorders
Christopher L Slack, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA, Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Head and Neck Society
Disclosure: Advanced Headache Intervention Consulting fee Consulting; Covidien Corp Consulting fee Consulting