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Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection: Multimedia

Author: Robert B Meek, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Anne Arundel Medical Center
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: May 27, 2009

Multimedia

Anatomy of the external and middle ear.Media file 1: Anatomy of the external and middle ear.
Anatomy of the external and middle ear.

Anatomy of the external and middle ear.

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References
Further Reading

References

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  3. Contencin P, Maurage C, Ployet MJ, Seid AB, Sinaasappel M. Gastroesophageal reflux and ENT disorders in childhood. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. Jun 1995;32 Suppl:S135-44. [Medline].

  4. Haddad J Jr, Saiman L, San Gabriel P, et al. Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with chronic otitis media with effusion and recurrent otitis media undergoing ventilating tube placement. Pediatr Infect Dis J. May 2000;19(5):432-7. [Medline].

  5. Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Mar 2000;19(3):187-95. [Medline].

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  8. Block SL, Hedrick J, Harrison CJ, et al. Community-wide vaccination with the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate significantly alters the microbiology of acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Sep 2004;23(9):829-33. [Medline].

  9. Bluestone CD. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of chronic suppurative otitis media: implications for prevention and treatment. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. Jan 1998;42(3):207-23. [Medline].

  10. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Changes in frequency and pathogens causing acute otitis media in 1995-2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Sep 2004;23(9):824-8. [Medline].

  11. Conrad DA. Should acute otitis media ever be treated with antibiotics?. Pediatr Ann. Feb 1998;27(2):66-7, 70-4. [Medline].

  12. Contencin P, Narcy P. Nasopharyngeal pH monitoring in infants and children with chronic rhinopharyngitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. Oct 1991;22(3):249-56. [Medline].

  13. Daly KA, Giebink GS. Clinical epidemiology of otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. May 2000;19(5 Suppl):S31-6. [Medline].

  14. Ghaffar F, Barton T, Lozano J, et al. Effect of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the first 2 years of life. Clin Infect Dis. Oct 1 2004;39(7):930-8. [Medline].

  15. Heikkinen T. Role of viruses in the pathogenesis of acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. May 2000;19(5 Suppl):S17-22; discussion S22-3. [Medline].

  16. Ilicali OC, Keles N, Deger K, Savas I. Relationship of passive cigarette smoking to otitis media. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Jul 1999;125(7):758-62. [Medline].

  17. Meek RB 3rd, McGrew BM, Cuff CF, Berrebi AS, Spirou GA, Wetmore SJ. Immunologic and histologic observations in reovirus-induced otitis media in the mouse. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. Jan 1999;108(1):31-8. [Medline].

  18. Niemelä M, Uhari M, Möttönen M, Pokka T. Costs arising from otitis media. Acta Paediatr. May 1999;88(5):553-6. [Medline].

  19. Pelton SI. Otitis media: re-evaluation of diagnosis and treatment in the era of antimicrobial resistance, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and evolving morbidity. Pediatr Clin North Am. Jun 2005;52(3):711-28, v-vi. [Medline].

  20. Pelton SI, Loughlin AM, Marchant CD. Seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine immunization in two Boston communities: changes in serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Nov 2004;23(11):1015-22. [Medline].

  21. Pichichero ME. A review of evidence supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for prescribing cephalosporin antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients. Pediatrics. Apr 2005;115(4):1048-57. [Medline].

  22. Pichichero ME, Reiner SA, Brook I, et al. Controversies in the medical management of persistent and recurrent acute otitis media. Recommendations of a clinical advisory committee. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. Aug 2000;183:1-12. [Medline].

  23. Rinaldo A, Ferlito A. The pathology and clinical features of "glue ear": a review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2000;257(6):300-3. [Medline].

  24. Rovers MM, Straatman H, Ingels K, van der Wilt GJ, van den Broek P, Zielhuis GA. The effect of ventilation tubes on language development in infants with otitis media with effusion: A randomized trial. Pediatrics. Sep 2000;106(3):E42. [Medline].

  25. Rovers MM, Zielhuis GA, Straatman H, Ingels K, van der Wilt GJ, van den Broek P. Prognostic factors for persistent otitis media with effusion in infants. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Nov 1999;125(11):1203-7. [Medline].

  26. Ruuskanen O, Arola M, Putto-Laurila A, et al. Acute otitis media and respiratory virus infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Feb 1989;8(2):94-9. [Medline].

  27. Shaw CB, Obermyer N, Wetmore SJ, Spirou GA, Farr RW. Incidence of adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in chronic otitis media with effusion using the polymerase chain reaction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Sep 1995;113(3):234-41. [Medline].

  28. Skull SA, Morris PS, Yonovitz A, et al. Middle ear effusion: rate and risk factors in Australian children attending day care. Epidemiol Infect. Aug 1999;123(1):57-64. [Medline].

  29. Takahashi M, Peppard J, Harris JP. Immunohistochemical study of murine middle ear and Eustachian tube. Acta Otolaryngol. Jan-Feb 1989;107(1-2):97-103. [Medline].

  30. Uhari M, Hietala J, Tuokko H. Risk of acute otitis media in relation to the viral etiology of infections in children. Clin Infect Dis. Mar 1995;20(3):521-4. [Medline].

  31. US Otitis Media Guideline Panel, Stool SE, US Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Otitis media with effusion in young children/Otitis Media Guideline Panel. Rockville, Md: US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1994:Clinic practice gudeline, No. 12.

  32. Wright CG, Meyerhoff WL. Pathology of otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. May 1994;163:24-6. [Medline].

  33. Zhou F, Shefer A, Kong Y, Nuorti JP. Trends in acute otitis media-related health care utilization by privately insured young children in the United States, 1997-2004. Pediatrics. Feb 2008;121(2):253-60. [Medline].

  34. Zielhuis GA, Gerritsen AA, Gorissen WH, et al. Hearing deficits at school age; the predictive value of otitis media in infants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. Aug 1 1998;44(3):227-34. [Medline].

Further Reading

Clinical guidelines

Evidence based clinical practice guideline for medical management of acute otitis media in children 2 months to 13 years of age.

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; 2004 Oct (reviewed for currency 2006 Aug) 16 pages. NGC:003958

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution. 2002 Mar (revised 2007 Jan). 10 pages. NGC:005568

Keywords

eustachian tube dysfunction, middle ear, eustachian tube inflammation, eustachian tube infection, middle ear infections, otitis media, OM, middle ear infection, acute otitis media, AOM, chronic otitis media, COM, chronic otitis media with effusion, COME, eustachian tube, middle ear inflammation, eustachian tube dysfunction, ETD, mucosal edema of the middle ear, middle ear space, middle ear effusion

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Robert B Meek, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Anne Arundel Medical Center
Robert B Meek, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Association for Research in Otolaryngology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Ari J Goldsmith, MD, Chief of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Long Island College Hospital; Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
Ari J Goldsmith, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Medical Association, and Medical Society of the State of New York
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Gregory C Allen, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Gregory C Allen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Laryngological Rhinological and Otological Society, American Medical Association, Christian Medical & Dental Society, and Colorado Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Christopher L Slack, MD, Otolaryngology-Facial Plastic Surgery, Private Practice, Associated Coastal ENT; Medical Director, Treasure Coast Sleep Disorders
Christopher L Slack, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA, Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Head and Neck Society
Disclosure: Covidien Corp Consulting fee Consulting; US Tobacco Corporation unstricted gift unknown; Axis Three Corporation Ownership interest Consulting; Omni Biosciences Ownership interest Consulting; Sentegra Ownership interest Board membership; Syndicom Ownership interest Consulting; Oxlo  Consulting; Medvoy Ownership interest Management position

 
 
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