Talofibular Ligament Injury Treatment & Management

  • Author: Marc A Molis, MD, FAAFP; Chief Editor: Sherwin SW Ho, MD   more...
 
Updated: Jul 15, 2011
 

Acute Phase

Rehabilitation Program

Physical Therapy

Initial treatment of all grades of lateral ankle sprains consists of rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE), as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).[13, 14] Ice should be applied to the injured ankle for approximately 20 minutes, 3-4 times per day. Compressive dressings should be used to control swelling. Weight bearing should be encouraged as soon as it is tolerated. With grade III injuries, an ankle brace should be worn at all times till the patient can ambulate pain free. Ankle braces can be used for support in all ankle sprains and may help promote earlier ambulation. Studies have found an air stirrup brace and ACE wrap are beneficial in grade 1 ankle sprains and may help in grade II and III sprains as well.

The early phase of rehabilitation is begun approximately 48 hours postinjury.[15] Icing is continued and range of motion exercises are initiated. Writing the alphabet with the great toe moves the ankle through full range of motion in all planes. Stationary biking and stretching of the Achilles tendon are also beneficial.

As strength and mobility improve, isometric exercises for ankle dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion are initiated. The isometric exercises are followed by resistance exercises (initially using a Thera-Band strap) and then heel and toe raises. Agility training also aids in returning the athlete to sports. Proprioceptive and balance training are also extremely important to help the patient heal fully, especially in jumping athletes. Proprioceptive training should be incorporated into all rehabilitation protocols.

In grade III ankle sprains, some studies have shown that early mobilization and rehabilitation may provide earlier functional recovery relative to surgery, and there is general agreement to try a 6-week period of conservative management, including early, controlled mobilization and rehabilitation before considering surgery.[15, 16]

Also, no difference is found in long-term outcome when comparing early surgical repair with delayed surgical repair following failed conservative therapy.[16] Therefore, there is no indication for routine early surgical repair.

Related eMedicine topics:

Achilles Tendon Pathology

Achilles Tendon Rupture

Achilles Tendonitis

Toxicity, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents

Related Medscape topics:

Resource Center Adverse Drug Events Reporting

Specialty Site Surgery

Surgical Intervention

Primary repair of acute lateral ligament tears is rarely indicated. Open repair seems to offer no advantage over closed management at the time of the initial injury. Delayed repair may be necessary in patients with chronic mechanical instability on clinical examination and functional instability; however, surgical intervention in these cases should only be considered after an aggressive rehabilitation program has been unsuccessful.

Consultations

  • An emergent consultation is rarely required.
  • Consultation with an orthopedic surgeon should be obtained for patients with unstable ankles, dislocations, or associated fractures.
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Recovery Phase

Rehabilitation Program

Physical Therapy

When the early phase rehabilitation goals of decreased swelling, full weight bearing, and no tenderness to palpation are met, more aggressive strengthening and proprioceptive training are added. Increased stretching of the Achilles tendon, as well as the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, is performed using an incline board. Thera-Band exercises are continued for strengthening. Exercises such as one-leg stands and wobble board training are added for proprioception. This training continues until the ankle is at 80-90% of full strength and there are no deficits in proprioception. When these goals are met, the patient may be discharged from therapy.

Surgical Intervention

Maximum benefit from conservative therapy is reached after approximately 10 weeks of active rehabilitation. At this time, 20% of athletes continue to have symptoms secondary to either a functional or mechanical instability. If the patient has reached his or her maximal benefit from functional rehabilitation and has a persistent deficit, then surgical reconstruction should be considered.[16, 17, 18]

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Maintenance Phase

Rehabilitation Program

Physical Therapy

The patient should be independent with a home exercise program with sport-specific activities and gradually return to play when the functional goals are met. The physician and/or physical therapist may recommend taping or bracing the ankle upon returning to activity. Taping or bracing a previously injured ankle during athletic activity has been shown to reduce the incidence of recurrent injury.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Marc A Molis, MD, FAAFP  Medical Director of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine of Iowa

Marc A Molis, MD, FAAFP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Association, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, and Iowa Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

David F Martin, MD  Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine

David F Martin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Sports Medicine, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Southern Medical Association, and Southern Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Craig C Young, MD  Professor, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Community and Family Medicine, Medical Director of Sports Medicine, Director of Primary Care Sports Medicine Fellowship, Medical College of Wisconsin

Craig C Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Russell D White, MD  Professor of Medicine, Director of Sports Medicine Fellowship Program, Medical Director, Sports Medicine Center, Head Team Physician, University of Missouri-Kansas City Intercollegiate Athletic Program, Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center Lakewood

Russell D White, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Sports Medicine, American Diabetes Association, and American Medical Society for Sports Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jon B Whitehurst, MD  Clinical Instructor of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine; Partner, Rockford Orthopedic Associates; Orthopedic Chairman, Rockford Memorial Hospital

Jon B Whitehurst, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and Arthroscopy Association of North America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Sherwin SW Ho, MD  Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Chicago

Sherwin SW Ho, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy Association of North America, and Herodicus Society

Disclosure: Breg, Inc. Consulting fee Consulting; Biomet, Inc. Consulting fee Consulting; GMV, Inc. Arthroscopy Simulator Evaluation and teaching; Smith and Nephew Grant/research funds Fellowship funding; DJ Ortho Grant/research funds Course funding; Athletico Physical Therapy Grant/research funds Course, research funding

Acknowledgments

The authors and editors of eMedicine gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author, Michael Taylor, MD, to the development and writing of this article.

References
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