Spasmodic Dysphonia: Multimedia

References

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8. Koufman JA, Rees CJ, Halum SL, Blalock D. Treatment of adductor-type spasmodic dysphonia by surgical myectomy: a preliminary report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. Feb 2006;115(2):97-102. [Medline].

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13. Simonyan K, Tovar-Moll F, Ostuni J, et al. Focal white matter changes in spasmodic dysphonia: a combined diffusion tensor imaging and neuropathological study. Brain. Feb 2008;131:447-59. [Medline].

14. Ali SO, Thomassen M, Schulz GM, et al. Alterations in CNS activity induced by botulinum toxin treatment in spasmodic dysphonia: an H215O PET study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. Oct 2006;49(5):1127-46. [Medline].

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16. Sanuki T, Isshiki N. Overall evaluation of effectiveness of type II thyroplasty for adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Laryngoscope. Dec 2007;117(12):2255-9. [Medline].

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21. Stong BC, DelGaudio JM, Hapner ER, Johns MM 3rd. Safety of simultaneous bilateral botulinum toxin injections for abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Sep 2005;131(9):793-5. [Medline].

22. Holden PK, Vokes DE, Taylor MB, Till JA, Crumley RL. Long-term botulinum toxin dose consistency for treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. Dec 2007;116(12):891-6. [Medline].

23. Hillel AD, Maronian NC, Waugh PF, Robinson L, Klotz DA. Treatment of the interarytenoid muscle with botulinum toxin for laryngeal dystonia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. May 2004;113(5):341-8. [Medline].

24. Ludlow CL, Naunton RF, Terada S, Anderson BJ. Successful treatment of selected cases of abductor spasmodic dysphonia using botulinum toxin injection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Jun 1991;104(6):849-55. [Medline].

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26. Berke GS, Blackwell KE, Gerratt BR, Verneil A, Jackson KS, Sercarz JA. Selective laryngeal adductor denervation-reinnervation: a new surgical treatment for adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. Mar 1999;108(3):227-31. [Medline].

27. Allegretto M, Morrison M, Rammage L, Lau DP. Selective denervation: reinnervation for the control of adductor spasmodic dysphonia. J Otolaryngol. Jun 2003;32(3):185-9. [Medline].

28. Blitzer A, Brin MF, Stewart C, Aviv JE, Fahn S. Abductor laryngeal dystonia: a series treated with botulinum toxin. Laryngoscope. Feb 1992;102(2):163-7. [Medline].

29. Ozelius LJ, Hewett JW, Page CE, et al. The early-onset torsion dystonia gene (DYT1) encodes an ATP-binding protein. Nat Genet. Sep 1997;17(1):40-8. [Medline].

30. Sulica L. Contemporary management of spasmodic dysphonia. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Dec 2004;12(6):543-8. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

spasmodic dysphonia, SD, focal dystonia, botulinum toxin, thyroplasty, spastic dysphonia, adductor dysphonia, abductor dysphonia, excessive glottic closure, regional dystonia, generalized dystonia, Meigs syndrome, blepharospasm, torticollis

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Michael J Pitman, MD, Assistant Professor, New York Medical College; Director, The Voice and Swallowing Institute; Director, Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary
Michael J Pitman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Voice Foundation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Ameet R Kamat, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Otolaryngology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary
Ameet R Kamat, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Darius Bliznikas, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University School of Medicine
Darius Bliznikas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Sigma Xi
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Soly Baredes, MD, Associate Professor of Clinical Surgery, Chief, Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Director, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School
Soly Baredes, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Laryngological Rhinological and Otological Society, American Medical Association, American Society for Head and Neck Surgery, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, New York Head and Neck Society, North American Skull Base Society, Society of University Otolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons, and Triological Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Anthony P Sclafani, MD, Director of Facial Plastic Surgery, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; Professor of Otolaryngology, New York Medical College
Anthony P Sclafani, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American College of Surgeons
Disclosure: Medicis None Speaking and teaching; Contura None Board membership; Contura Grant/research funds Independent contractor; Cascade Medical Grant/research funds Independent contractor; Cascade Medical None Board membership

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Erik Kass, MD, Chief, Department of Clinical Otolaryngology, Associates in Otolaryngology of Northern Virginia
Erik Kass, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Association for Cancer Research, American Medical Association, and American Rhinologic Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Christopher L Slack, MD, Otolaryngology-Facial Plastic Surgery, Private Practice, Associated Coastal ENT; Medical Director, Treasure Coast Sleep Disorders
Christopher L Slack, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA, Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and American Head and Neck Society
Disclosure: Covidien Corp Consulting fee Consulting; US Tobacco Corporation unstricted gift unknown