Pediatric Bruton Agammaglobulinemia Differential Diagnoses

  • Author: Terry W Chin, MD, PhD; Chief Editor: Harumi Jyonouchi, MD   more...
 
Updated: Sep 28, 2010
 
 

Diagnostic Considerations

Diagnosing Bruton agammaglobulinemia, formally termed X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), in male infants initially requires the exclusion of combined T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte deficiency. Diagnosis of SCID requires immediate intervention to allow stem cell transplantation or even gene therapy. Flow cytometric measurement of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte populations and T-cell function assays are essential to rule out a broader defect of cell-mediated immunity.

In patients with no other affected family members, autosomal forms of agammaglobulinemia must be considered when the CD19 expression on B cells is minimal in a male patient (although 30-50% of XLA cases are believed to arise from new mutations). Currently, mutations in the genes for the IGHM, Ig-α, or lambda-5 (IGLL1) are unusual etiologies for agammaglobulinemia with absent CD19+ B cells. Mutations in other genes are predicted based on genetic defects in mice. In addition to BTK, murine B-cell proliferation and differentiation are under the control of SYK; PAX5; and genes that code for IL-7, λ 5, Ig-β, IL-2R γ, lyn, and bcl-2. Therefore, mutations in the humangenes forthese proteins may be found in the future as etiologies for agammaglobulinemia.

Other primary immunodeficiency diseases occasionally need to be considered, but assessment of B- and T-lymphocyte markers almost always allows the distinction of XLA from other disorders. Patients with X-linked hyper-IgM or common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) may appear clinically similar to patients with XLA.

Growth hormone deficiency associated with absent B cells is rare. Mutations in BTK may or may not be found in these patients.

Another rare syndrome of absent B cells is associated with intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, and progressive pancytopenia. No mutation in BTK or several other genes needed for B-cell proliferation has been detected in this syndrome.

Differential Diagnoses

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Terry W Chin, MD, PhD  Associate Director, Pediatric Allergy/Immunology/Pulmonology, Miller Children's Hospital, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center; Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine

Terry W Chin, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, California Thoracic Society, Clinical Immunology Society, and Western Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

James M Oleske, MD, MPH  François-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School

James M Oleske, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Medicine of New Jersey, American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Academy of HIV Medicine, American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, American Academy of Pain Management, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Pediatrics, American Association of Public Health Physicians, American College of Preventive Medicine, American Pain Society, American Public Health Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Thoracic Society, Arab Board of Family Medicine, Association of Clinical Researchers and Educators (ACRE), Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of New Jersey, Medical Society of New Jersey, National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD  Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John Wilson Georgitis, MD  Consulting Staff, Lafayette Allergy Services

John Wilson Georgitis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Chest Physicians, American Lung Association, American Medical Writers Association, and American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Pallares, MD  Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Louisville

David Pallares, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Harumi Jyonouchi, MD  Associate Professor, Division of Pulmonary Allergy/Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School

Harumi Jyonouchi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Medical Association, Clinical Immunology Society, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Society for Mucosal Immunology, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgments

The authors and editors of eMedicine gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Ann O'Neill Shigeoka, MD to the development and writing of this article.

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This patient presented with recurrent otitis and areas of cellulitis in the diaper area. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the skin lesions. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and autoimmune neutropenia were confirmed based on the presence of autoantibodies. The patient has a mutation on exon 15, A504T, which changed an asparagine residue to a valine residue.
Bruton agammaglobulinemia (ie, X-linked agammaglobulinemia [XLA]) in brothers. XLA was diagnosed in the less-robust younger brother when he presented with neutropenia and typhlitis. The older brother, with a history of 7 episodes of pneumonia, was then evaluated and diagnosed with XLA. In both brothers CD19- B cells were less than 1%; this finding is consistent with XLA.
Table 1. Immune Globulin, Intravenous
Brand(Manufacturer)Manufacturing ProcesspHAdditives (IVIG products containing sucrose are more often associated with renal dysfunction, acute renal failure, and osmotic nephrosis, particularly with preexisting risk factors [eg, history of renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, age >65 y, dehydration, sepsis, paraproteinemia, nephrotoxic drugs].) Parenteral Form and Final ConcentrationsIgA Content mcg/mL
Carimune NF



(ZLB Behring)



Kistler-Nitschmann fractionation, pH 4 incubation, nanofiltration6.4-6.86% solution: 10% sucrose, < 20 mg NaCl/g proteinLyophilized powder 3, 6, 9, 12%Trace
Flebogamma



(Grifols USA)



Cohn-Oncley fractionation, PEG precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, pasteurization5.1-6Sucrose free, contains 5% D-sorbitolLiquid 5%< 50
Gammagard Liquid 10%



(Baxter Bioscience)



Cohn-Oncley cold ethanol fractionation, cation and anion exchange chromatography, solvent detergent treated, nanofiltration, low pH incubation 4.6-5.10.25 M glycineReady-for-use liquid 10%37
Gammar-P IV



(ZLB Behring)



Cohn-Oncley fraction II/III, ultrafiltration, pasteurization6.4-7.25% solution: 5% sucrose, 3% albumin, 0.5% NaClLyophilized powder 5%< 20
Gamunex



(Talecris Biotherapeutics)



Cohn-Oncley fractionation, caprylate-chromatography purification, cloth and depth filtration, low pH incubation4-4.5Contains no sugar, contains glycineLiquid 10%46
Gammaplex



(Bio Products)



Solvent/detergent treatment targeted to enveloped viruses; virus filtration using Pall Ultipor to remove small viruses including nonenveloped viruses; low pH incubation 4.8-5.1Contains sorbitol (40 mg/mL); do not administer if fructose intolerantReady-for-use solution 5%< 10
Iveegam EN



(Baxter Bioscience)



Cohn-Oncley fraction II/III, ultrafiltration, pasteurization6.4-7.25% solution: 5% glucose, 0.3% NaClLyophilized powder 5%< 10
Polygam S/D



Gammagard S/D



(Baxter Bioscience for the American Red Cross)



Cohn-Oncley cold ethanol fractionation followed by ultracentrafiltration and ion exchange chromatography, solvent detergent treated 6.4-7.25% solution: 0.3% albumin, 2.25% glycine, 2% glucoseLyophilized powder 5%, 10%< 1.6 (5% solution)
Octagam



(Octapharma USA)



9/24/10: Withdrawn from market because of unexplained reports of thromboembolic events



Cohn-Oncley fraction II/III, ultrafiltration, low pH incubation, S/D treatment pasteurization5.1-610% maltoseLiquid 5%200
Panglobulin



(Swiss Red Cross for the American Red Cross)



Kistler-Nitschmann fractionation, pH 4 incubation, trace pepsin, nanofiltration6.6Per gram of IgG: 1.67 g sucrose,< 20 mg NaClLyophilized powder 3, 6, 9, 12%720
Privigen



(CSL Behring)



pH 4 incubation, octanoic acid fractionation, depth filtration, and virus filtration4.6-510% solution; Preservative-free and sucrose- and maltose-freeReady-to-use solution 10%25
Table 2. Immune Globulin, Subcutaneous
Brand(Manufacturer)Manufacturing ProcesspHAdditivesParenteral Form and Final ConcentrationsIgA Content mcg/mL
Vivaglobin



(ZLB Behring)



Cold ethanol fractionation, pasteurization6.4-7.22.25% glycine, 0.3% NaClLiquid 16% (160 mg/mL)< 50 mcg/mL
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