Atrial Septal Defect, General Concepts: Multimedia

References

1. Van Praagh R, Corsini I. Cor triatriatum: pathologic anatomy and a consideration of morphogenesis based on 13 postmortem cases and a study of normal development of the pulmonary vein and atrial septum in 83 human embryos. Am Heart J. Sep 1969;78(3):379-405. [Medline].

2. Weinberg PM, Chin AJ, Murphy JD, et al. Postmortem echocardiography and tomographic anatomy of hypoplastic left heart syndrome after palliative surgery. Am J Cardiol. Dec 1 1986;58(13):1228-32. [Medline].

3. Basson CT, Bachinsky DR, Lin RC, et al. Mutations in human TBX5 [corrected] cause limb and cardiac malformation in Holt-Oram syndrome. Nat Genet. Jan 1997;15(1):30-5. [Medline].

4. Hirayama-Yamada K, Kamisago M, Akimoto K, et al. Phenotypes with GATA4 or NKX2.5 mutations in familial atrial septal defect. Am J Med Genet A. 2005;135(1):47-52. [Medline].

5. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. Oct 9 2007;116(15):1736-54. [Medline].

6. Alexi-Meskishvili VV, Konstantinov IE. Surgery for atrial septal defect: from the first experiments to clinical practice. Ann Thorac Surg. Jul 2003;76(1):322-7. [Medline].

7. Bierman FZ, Williams RG. Subxiphoid two-dimensional imaging of the interatrial septum in infants and neonates with congenital heart disease. Circulation. Jul 1979;60(1):80-90. [Medline].

8. Bruneau BG. The developmental genetics of congenital heart disease. Nature. Febuary 2008;451(7178):943-8. [Medline].

9. Butera G, Carminati M, Chessa M, et al. Percutaneous versus surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect: comparison of early results and complications. Am Heart J. 2006;151(1):228-34. [Medline].

10. Chin AJ, Murphy JD. Identification of coronary sinus septal defect (unroofed coronary sinus) by color Doppler echocardiography. Am Heart J. Dec 1992;124(6):1655-7. [Medline].

11. Chin AJ, Weinberg PM, Barber G. Subcostal two-dimensional echocardiographic identification of anomalous attachment of septum primum in patients with left atrioventricular valve underdevelopment. J Am Coll Cardiol. Mar 1 1990;15(3):678-81. [Medline].

12. Driscoll DJ. Left-to-right shunt lesions. Pediatr Clin North Am. Apr 1999;46(2):355-68, x. [Medline].

13. Friedman WF. Congenital heart disease in infancy and childhood. In: Braunwald ed. Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5^th ed. 1997:896-910.

14. Fukazawa M, Fukushige J, Ueda K. Atrial septal defects in neonates with reference to spontaneous closure. Am Heart J. Jul 1988;116(1 Pt 1):123-7. [Medline].

15. Hanslik A, Pospisil U, Salzer-Muhar U, Greber-Platzer S, Male C. Predictors of spontaneous closure of isolated secundum atrial septal defect in children: a longitudinal study. Pediatrics. Oct 2006;118(4):1560-5. [Medline].

16. Helgason H, Jonsdottir G. Spontaneous closure of atrial septal defects. Pediatr Cardiol. 1999;20(3):195-9. [Medline].

17. Jonas RA. Atrial septal defect. In: Comprehensive Surgical Management of Congenital Heart Disease. 2004:225-41.

18. Mahoney LT, Truesdell SC, Krzmarzick TR, Lauer RM. Atrial septal defects that present in infancy. Am J Dis Child. Nov 1986;140(11):1115-8. [Medline].

19. Mas MS, Bricker JT. Clinical physiology of left-to-right shunts. In: The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology. Vol 2. 1990:999-1001.

20. Murphy JG, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, et al. Long-term outcome after surgical repair of isolated atrial septal defect. Follow-up at 27 to 32 years. N Engl J Med. Dec 13 1990;323(24):1645-50. [Medline].

21. Patel HT, Hijazi ZM. Pediatric catheter interventions: a year in review 2004-2005. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005;17(5):568-73. [Medline].

22. Porter CJ, Feldt RH, Edwards WD, et al. Atrial septal defects. In: Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Vol 1. 6^th ed. 2001:603-17.

23. Radzik D, Davignon A, van Doesburg N, et al. Predictive factors for spontaneous closure of atrial septal defects diagnosed in the first 3 months of life. J Am Coll Cardiol. Sep 1993;22(3):851-3. [Medline].

24. Yeager SB, Chin AJ, Sanders SP. Subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of coronary sinus septal defects. Am J Cardiol. Sep 1 1984;54(6):686-7. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

atrial septal defect, ASD, congenital heart defect, ostium primum defect, ostium secundum defect, sinus venosus defect, coronary sinus septal defect, malalignment-type ASD, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, unroofed coronary sinus, congenital heart disease, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, CHF, stroke, upper respiratory tract infection, pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, heart block, Down syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Michael R Carr, MD, Pediatric Cardiologist, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth
Michael R Carr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and American Society of Echocardiography
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Brent R King, MD, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Lyndon B Johnson General Hospital
Brent R King, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physician Executives, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Paul M Seib, MD, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Medical Director, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Co-Medical Director, Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, Arkansas Children's Hospital
Paul M Seib, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, Arkansas Medical Society, International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from broker recommendation; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from broker recommendation

Managing Editor

Alvin J Chin, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Alvin J Chin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science and American Heart Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Gilbert Herzberg, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Medical College
Gilbert Herzberg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Steven R Neish, MD, SM, Director of Pediatric Cardiology Fellowship Program, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine
Steven R Neish, MD, SM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, and American Heart Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.