Mitral Valve Insufficiency: Multimedia

References

1. Ahmed MI, McGiffin DC, O'Rourke RA, Dell'Italia LJ. Mitral regurgitation. Curr Probl Cardiol. Mar 2009;34(3):93-136. [Medline].

2. Rahimtoola SH. The mitral valve is a complex structure. Foreword. Curr Probl Cardiol. Mar 2009;34(3):89. [Medline].

3. Park SM, Park SW, Casaclang-Verzosa G, et al. Diastolic dysfunction and left atrial enlargement as contributing factors to functional mitral regurgitation in dilated cardiomyopathy: data from the Acorn trial. Am Heart J. Apr 2009;157(4):762.e3-10. [Medline].

4. Pederzolli N, Agostini F, Fiorani V, et al. Postendocarditis mitral valve aneurysm. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). Mar 2009;10(3):259-60. [Medline].

5. Little SH, Pirat B, Kumar R, et al. Three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography for direct measurement of vena contracta area in mitral regurgitation: in vitro validation and clinical experience. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. Nov 2008;1(6):695-704. [Medline].

6. Calafiore AM, Gallina S, Iaco AL, et al. Mitral valve surgery for functional mitral regurgitation: should moderate-or-more tricuspid regurgitation be treated? a propensity score analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. Mar 2009;87(3):698-703. [Medline].

7. Wan CK, Suri RM, Li Z, et al. Management of moderate functional mitral regurgitation at the time of aortic valve replacement: is concomitant mitral valve repair necessary?. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Mar 2009;137(3):635-640.e1. [Medline].

8. Bernal JM, Gutierrez F, Farinas MC, et al. Use of mitral homograft to support a mechanical valve prosthesis: a feasible solution for recurrent mitral valve dysfunction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Mar 2009;137(3):762-3. [Medline].

9. Anderson RH, Wilcox BR. The anatomy of the mitral valve. In: Wells FC, Shapiro LM, eds. Mitral Valve Disease. 2^nd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann; 1996:4-13.

10. Barlow JB. Mitral regurgitation. In: Perspectives on the Mitral Valve. FA Davis Co; 1987:113-31.

11. Carabello BA. Mitral valve regurgitation. Curr Probl Cardiol. Apr 1998;23(4):202-41. [Medline].

12. Carpentier A. Congenital malformations of the mitral valve. In: Stark J, de Laval M, eds. Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects. WB Saunders Co; 1983:467-82.

13. Dunn JM. Porcine valve durability in children. Ann Thorac Surg. Oct 1981;32(4):357-68. [Medline].

14. Eckberg DL, Gault JH, Bouchard RL, et al. Mechanics of left ventricular contraction in chronic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation. Jun 1973;47(6):1252-9. [Medline].

15. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. Mar 3 2005;352(9):875-83. [Medline].

16. Kolibash AJ Jr, Kilman JW, Bush CA, et al. Evidence for progression from mild to severe mitral regurgitation in mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol. Oct 1 1986;58(9):762-7. [Medline].

17. Kon MW, Myerson SG, Moat NE, Pennell DJ. Quantification of regurgitant fraction in mitral regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: comparison of techniques. J Heart Valve Dis. Jul 2004;13(4):600-7. [Medline].

18. Krivokapich J. Echocardiography in valvular heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol. Mar 1994;9(2):158-63. [Medline].

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21. Shimoyama H, Sabbah HN, Rosman H, et al. Effects of long-term therapy with enalapril on severity of functional mitral regurgitation in dogs with moderate heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. Mar 1 1995;25(3):768-72. [Medline].

22. Skoularigis J, Sinovich V, Joubert G, Sareli P. Evaluation of the long-term results of mitral valve repair in 254 young patients with rheumatic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. Nov 1994;90(5 Pt 2):II167-74. [Medline].

23. Tribouilloy C, Shen WF, Leborgne L, et al. Comparative value of Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization for management decision-making in patients with left-sided valvular regurgitation. Eur Heart J. Feb 1996;17(2):272-80. [Medline].

Further Reading

• Relevant clinical guidelines include the following:
  • Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease
  • American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult
  • American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease
• Relevant clinical trials include the following:
  • Pivotal Study of a Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair System
  • Comparing the Effectiveness of Repairing Versus Replacing the Heart's Mitral Valve in People With Severe Chronic Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
  • Comparing the Effectiveness of a Mitral Valve Repair Procedure in Combination With Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Versus CABG Alone in People With Moderate Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
• Related eMedicine topics include the following:
  • Mitral Regurgitation (Radiology)
  • Mitral Regurgitation (Cardiology)
  • Mitral Stenosis, Congenital
  • Tricuspid Regurgitation
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease
  • Mitral Valve Prolapse
  • Mitral Stenosis

Keywords

mitral valve insufficiency, mitral valve regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, MR, heart defect, congential heart defect, acquired heart defect, mitral valve defect, cardiomyopathy, cardiac disease, cardiac defect, left-sided heart disease, heart failure, pulmonary edema, pulmonary congestion, pulmonary hypertension, failure to thrive, endocarditis, myocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE, ischemic, mitral valve prolapse, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, coronary artery disease, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, cardiomyopathy, transposition of the great arteries, anomalous origin of the left coronary artery, scleroderma, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, treatment, diagnosis

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Jason T Su, DO, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah
Jason T Su, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Ira H Gessner, MD, Professor Emeritus, Pediatric Cardiology
Ira H Gessner, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, American Pediatric Society, and Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from financial planner; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from financial planner ; WebMD Salary and stock Employment and investment from financial planner

Managing Editor

Julian M Stewart, MD, PhD, Associate Chairman of Pediatrics, Director, Center for Hypotension, Westchester Medical Center; Professor of Pediatrics and Physiology, New York Medical College
Julian M Stewart, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Gilbert Z Herzberg, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Medical College; Consulting Staff, Department of Pediatrics, Sound Shore Medical Center
Gilbert Z Herzberg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Stuart Berger, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin; Chief of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Director of Pediatric Heart Transplant Program, Medical Director of The Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin
Stuart Berger, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American Heart Association, and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.