Rheumatic Heart Disease: Multimedia

References

1. WHO. Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease. 2004. WHO technical report series. [Full Text].

2. Guilherme L, Ramasawmy R, Kalil J. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: genetics and pathogenesis. Scand J Immunol. Aug-Sep 2007;66(2-3):199-207. [Medline]. [Full Text].

3. Marijon E, Ou P, Celermajer DS, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic screening. N Engl J Med. Aug 2 2007;357(5):470-6. [Medline].

4. AHA. Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Jones Criteria, 1992 update. Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council. on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the American Heart Association;JAMA 1992 Oct 21; 268(15):2069-73. [Medline].

5. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. J Am Dent Assoc. Jan 2008;139 Suppl:3S-24S. [Medline]. [Full Text].

6. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. Oct 9 2007;116(15):1736-54. [Medline]. [Full Text].

7. Abernethy M, Bass N, Sharpe N, et al. Doppler echocardiography and the early diagnosis of carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Aust N Z J Med. Oct 1994;24(5):530-5. [Medline].

8. Asbahr FR, Garvey MA, Snider LA, et al. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms among patients with Sydenham chorea. Biol Psychiatry. May 1 2005;57(9):1073-6. [Medline].

9. Braunwald E. Rheumatic fever. In: Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5^th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1997.

10. Carapetis JR, McDonald M, Wilson NJ. Acute rheumatic fever. Lancet. Jul 9-15 2005;366(9480):155-68. [Medline].

11. Cilliers AM, Manyemba J, Saloojee H. Anti-inflammatory treatment for carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;CD003176. [Medline].

12. Clinical trial. The natural history of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Ten-year report of a cooperative clinical trial of ACTH, cortisone, and aspirin. Circulation. Sep 1965;32(3):457-76. [Medline].

13. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T, Robbins SL. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease. 6^th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1999.

14. Dajani A, Taubert K, Ferrieri P, et al. Treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis and prevention of rheumatic fever: a statement for health professionals. Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council. on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the American Heart Association;Pediatrics 1995 Oct; 96(4 Pt 1):758-64. [Medline].

15. Doshi H, Shukla V, Korula RJ. Emergency valve replacement in rheumatic heart disease. J Heart Valve Dis. Jul 2003;12(4):516-9. [Medline].

16. Ellis NM, Li Y, Hildebrand W, Cunningham MW. T cell mimicry and epitope specificity of cross-reactive T cell clones from rheumatic heart disease. J Immunol. Oct 15 2005;175(8):5448-56. [Medline].

17. Fae KC, Oshiro SE, Toubert A, et al. How an autoimmune reaction triggered by molecular mimicry between streptococcal M protein and cardiac tissue proteins leads to heart lesions in rheumatic heart disease. J Autoimmun. Mar 2005;24(2):101-9. [Medline].

18. Guilherme L, Fae K, Oshiro SE, Kalil J. Molecular pathogenesis of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Expert Rev Mol Med. Dec 8 2005;7(28):1-15. [Medline].

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21. Pickering LK, et al. 2000 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 25^th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2000.

22. [Best Evidence] Rimoin AW, Hamza HS, Vince A, et al. Evaluation of the WHO clinical decision rule for streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Dis Child. Oct 2005;90(10):1066-70. [Medline].

23. Robertson KA, Volmink JA, Mayosi BM. Antibiotics for the primary prevention of acute rheumatic fever: a meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. May 31 2005;5(1):11. [Medline].

24. Sampaio RO, Grinberg M, Leite JJ, et al. Effect of enalapril on left ventricular diameters and exercise capacity in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse or rheumatic heart disease. Am J Cardiol. Jul 1 2005;96(1):117-21. [Medline].

25. Shrivastava S, Dev V, Vasan RS, et al. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in juvenile rheumatic mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. Apr 15 1991;67(9):892-4. [Medline].

26. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases [published erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1998 Apr;155(4):578]. Am J Psychiatry. Feb 1998;155(2):264-71. [Medline].

27. Talwar S, Rajesh MR, Subramanian A, et al. Mitral valve repair in children with rheumatic heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Apr 2005;129(4):875-9. [Medline].

28. Veasy LG, Wiedmeier SE, Orsmond GS, et al. Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl J Med. Feb 19 1987;316(8):421-7. [Medline].

29. Walker KG, Lawrenson J, Wilmshurst JM. Neuropsychiatric movement disorders following streptococcal infection. Dev Med Child Neurol. Nov 2005;47(11):771-5. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

rheumatic heart disease, acute rheumatic carditis, rheumatic fever, pharyngitis, heart failure, valve insufficiency, pericarditis, chronic rheumatic heart disease, valve stenosis, regurgitation, atrial dilation, arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, mitral valve stenosis, valve replacement, pancarditis, group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Streptococcus pyogenes, impetigo, cellulitis, myositis, pneumonia, sepsis, endocarditis, myocarditis, polyarthritis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum, chest pain, edema, orthopnea, mitral insufficiency, congestive heart failure, Carey-Coombs murmur, hepatomegaly, arthralgias, epistaxis, Huntington chorea, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections, PANDAS, Sydenham chorea, aortic stenosis

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Thomas K Chin, MD, Associate Professor in Pediatrics, Chief of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, St Jude Children's Research Center
Thomas K Chin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, American Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Eric M Chin, California Institute of Technology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Tariq Siddiqui, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Louisville Medical Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ann-Kristin Sundell, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Pediatrics, East Tennessee State University
Ann-Kristin Sundell, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Jeffrey Allen Towbin, MD, MSc, FAAP, FACC, FAHA, Professor, Departments of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Cardiovascular Sciences, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine; Chief of Pediatric Cardiology, Foundation Chair in Pediatric Cardiac Research, Texas Children's Hospital
Jeffrey Allen Towbin, MD, MSc, FAAP, FACC, FAHA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Cardiology, American College of Sports Medicine, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Society of Human Genetics, Cardiac Electrophysiology Society, Heart Rhythm Society, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Pediatric Research, Texas Medical Association, and Texas Pediatric Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from broker recommendation; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from broker recommendation

Managing Editor

Hugh D Allen, MD, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine
Hugh D Allen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, American Pediatric Society, American Society of Echocardiography, Society for Pediatric Research, Society of Pediatric Echocardiography, and Western Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Paul D Petry, DO, FACOP, FAAP, Consulting Staff, Freeman Pediatric Care, Freeman Health System
Paul D Petry, DO, FACOP, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Osteopathy, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Osteopathic Pediatricians, and American Osteopathic Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Stuart Berger, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin; Chief of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Director of Pediatric Heart Transplant Program, Medical Director of The Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin
Stuart Berger, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American Heart Association, and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.