eMedicine Specialties > Pediatrics: Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine > Cardiology
Ventricular Tachycardia: Multimedia
Updated: Feb 3, 2009
Multimedia
![]() | Media file 3: Differential diagnosis of wide-complex rhythms. AV = atrioventricular; SVT = supraventricular tachycardia; WPW = Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome. |
![]() | Media file 5: ECG in a 12-year-old boy. |
More on Ventricular Tachycardia |
| Overview: Ventricular Tachycardia |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Ventricular Tachycardia |
| Treatment & Medication: Ventricular Tachycardia |
| Follow-up: Ventricular Tachycardia |
Multimedia: Ventricular Tachycardia |
| References |
| « Previous Page |
References
Brodsky M, Wu D, Denes P, et al. Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease. Am J Cardiol. Mar 1977;39(3):390-5. [Medline].
Sobotka PA, Mayer JH, Bauernfeind RA, et al. Arrhythmias documented by 24-hour continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in young women without apparent heart disease. Am Heart J. Jun 1981;101(6):753-9. [Medline].
Jacobsen JR, Garson A Jr, Gillette PC, McNamara DG. Premature ventricular contractions in normal children. J Pediatr. Jan 1978;92(1):36-8. [Medline].
Nagashima M, Matsushima M, Ogawa A, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in healthy children revealed by 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring. Pediatr Cardiol. 1987;8(2):103-8. [Medline].
Roggen A, Pavlovic M, Pfammatter JP. Frequency of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia in a pediatric population. Am J Cardiol. Mar 15 2008;101(6):852-4. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Colan SD, Lipshultz SE, Lowe AM, et al. Epidemiology and cause-specific outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children: findings from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Circulation. Feb 13 2007;115(6):773-81. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] De Rosa G, Butera G, Chessa M, et al. Outcome of newborns with asymptomatic monomorphic ventricular arrhythmia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. Nov 2006;91(6):F419-22. [Medline].
Davis AM, Gow RM, McCrindle BW, Hamilton RM. Clinical spectrum, therapeutic management, and follow-up of ventricular tachycardia in infants and young children. Am Heart J. Jan 1996;131(1):186-91. [Medline].
Pfammatter JP, Paul T. Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia in infancy and childhood: a multicenter study on clinical profile and outcome. Working Group on Dysrhythmias and Electrophysiology of the Association for European Pediatric Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jun 1999;33(7):2067-72. [Medline].
Van Hare GF, Stanger P. Ventricular tachycardia and accelerated ventricular rhythm presenting in the first month of life. Am J Cardiol. Jan 1 1991;67(1):42-5. [Medline].
Harris KC, Potts JE, Fournier A, Gross GJ, Kantoch MJ, Cote JM. Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia in children. J Pediatr. Dec 2006;149(6):822-826. [Medline].
Charron P, Dubourg O, Desnos M, et al. Diagnostic value of electrocardiography and echocardiography for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in genotyped children. Eur Heart J. Sep 1998;19(9):1377-82. [Medline].
Southall DP, Richards J, Mitchell P, et al. Study of cardiac rhythm in healthy newborn infants. Br Heart J. Jan 1980;43(1):14-20. [Medline].
Bomma C, Rutberg J, Tandri H, et al. Misdiagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Mar 2004;15(3):300-6. [Medline].
Tandri H, Calkins H, Nasir K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients meeting task force criteria for arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. May 2003;14(5):476-82. [Medline].
Tandri H, Bluemke DA, Ferrari VA, et al. Findings on magnetic resonance imaging of idiopathic right ventricular outflow tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. Dec 1 2004;94(11):1441-5. [Medline].
Silka MJ, Hardy BG, Menashe VD, Morris CD. A population-based prospective evaluation of risk of sudden cardiac death after operation for common congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jul 1998;32(1):245-51. [Medline].
Frangini PA, Cecchin F, Jordao L, et al. How revealing are insertable loop recorders in pediatrics?. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. Mar 2008;31(3):338-43. [Medline].
Kothari DS, Riddell F, Smith W, Voss J, Skinner JR. Digital implantable loop recorders in the investigation of syncope in children: benefits and limitations. Heart Rhythm. Nov 2006;3(11):1306-12. [Medline].
Saarel EV, Doratotaj S, Sterba R. Initial experience with novel mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry for children and adolescents with suspected arrhythmia. Congenit Heart Dis. Jan 2008;3(1):33-8. [Medline].
Alexander ME, Cecchin F, Huang KP, Berul CI. Microvolt t-wave alternans with exercise in pediatrics and congenital heart disease: limitations and predictive value. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. Jul 2006;29(7):733-41. [Medline].
Alexander ME, Walsh EP, Saul JP, et al. Value of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Aug 1999;10(8):1033-44. [Medline].
Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Gatzoulis MA, et al. Value of programmed ventricular stimulation after tetralogy of fallot repair: a multicenter study. Circulation. Apr 27 2004;109(16):1994-2000. [Medline].
Alexander ME, Cecchin F, Walsh EP, et al. Implications of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in congenital heart disease and pediatrics. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Jan 2004;15(1):72-6. [Medline].
Berul CI, Van Hare GF, Kertesz NJ, et al. Results of a multicenter retrospective implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry of pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 29 2008;51(17):1685-91. [Medline].
Stephenson EA, Batra AS, Knilans TK, et al. A multicenter experience with novel implantable cardioverter defibrillator configurations in the pediatric and congenital heart disease population. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Jan 2006;17(1):41-6. [Medline].
Morwood JG, Triedman JK, Berul CI, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in children and young adults with congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. Sep 2004;1(3):301-8. [Medline].
Laohakunakorn P, Paul T, Knick B, et al. Ventricular tachycardia in nonpostoperative pediatric patients: role of radiofrequency catheter ablation. Pediatr Cardiol. Mar-Apr 2003;24(2):154-60. [Medline].
Zipes DP, Ackerman MJ, Estes NA, et al. Task force 7: arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 19 2005;45(8):1354-63. [Medline].
Maron BJ, Chaitman BR, Ackerman MJ, et al. Recommendations for physical activity and recreational sports participation for young patients with genetic cardiovascular diseases. Circulation. Jun 8 2004;109(22):2807-16. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Saul JP, Scott WA, Brown S, et al. Intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachyarrhythmias in children: a randomized, double-blind, antiarrhythmic drug trial. Circulation. Nov 29 2005;112(22):3470-7. [Medline].
Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, et al. Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation. Feb 8 2005;111(5):659-70. [Medline].
Atkins DL, Scott WA, Blaufox AD, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of an automated external defibrillator algorithm designed for pediatric patients. Resuscitation. Feb 2008;76(2):168-74. [Medline].
Berul CI, Hill SL, Geggel RL, et al. Electrocardiographic markers of late sudden death risk in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot children. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Dec 1997;8(12):1349-56. [Medline].
Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, et al. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults?. J Am Coll Cardiol. Dec 3 2003;42(11):1959-63. [Medline].
Cullen S, Celermajer DS, Franklin RC, et al. Prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmia after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a 12-year prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 1994;23(5):1151-5. [Medline].
Deal BJ, Miller SM, Scagliotti D, et al. Ventricular tachycardia in a young population without overt heart disease. Circulation. Jun 1986;73(6):1111-8. [Medline].
Denfield SW, Kearney DL, Michael L, et al. Developmental differences in canine cardiac surgical scars. Am Heart J. Aug 1993;126(2):382-9. [Medline].
Driscoll DJ, Edwards WD. Sudden unexpected death in children and adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jun 1985;5(6 Suppl):118B-121B. [Medline].
Dungan WT, Garson A Jr, Gillette PC. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: a cause of ventricular tachycardia in children with apparently normal hearts. Am Heart J. Oct 1981;102(4):745-50. [Medline].
Fazio G, Corrado G, Zachara E, et al. Ventricular tachycardia in non-compaction of left ventricle: is this a frequent complication?. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. Apr 2007;30(4):544-6. [Medline].
Fish FA, Gillette PC, Benson DW Jr. Proarrhythmia, cardiac arrest and death in young patients receiving encainide and flecainide. The Pediatric Electrophysiology Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. Aug 1991;18(2):356-65. [Medline].
Fishberger SB, Colan SD, Saul JP, et al. Myocardial mechanics before and after ablation of chronic tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. Jan 1996;19(1):42-9. [Medline].
Fogel MA, Weinberg PM, Harris M, Rhodes L. Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of right ventricular dysplasia in children. Am J Cardiol. Apr 15 2006;97(8):1232-7. [Medline].
Francis J, Sankar V, Nair VK, Priori SG. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. May 2005;2(5):550-4. [Medline].
Friedman RA, Moak JP, Garson A Jr. Clinical course of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in children. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jul 1991;18(1):152-6. [Medline].
Garson A. Ventricular arrhythmias after repair of congenital heart disease: who needs treatment?. Cardiol Young. 1991;1:177-81.
Garson A Jr, Smith RT, Moak JP, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in children. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jun 1985;5(6 Suppl):130B-133B. [Medline].
Gelatt M, Hamilton RM, McCrindle BW, et al. Arrhythmia and mortality after the Mustard procedure: a 30-year single- center experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 1997;29(1):194-201. [Medline].
Gutgesell H, Atkins D, Barst R, et al. Cardiovascular Monitoring of Children and Adolescents Receiving Psychotropic Drugs: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Congenital Cardiac Defects, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation. Feb 23 1999;99(7):979-982. [Medline].
Harrison DA, Harris L, Siu SC, et al. Sustained ventricular tachycardia in adult patients late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov 1 1997;30(5):1368-73. [Medline].
Hill SL, Evangelista JK, Pizzi AM, et al. Proarrhythmia associated with cisapride in children. Pediatrics. Jun 1998;101(6):1053-6. [Medline].
Kennedy HL, Whitlock JA, Sprague MK. Long-term follow-up of asymptomatic healthy subjects with frequent and complex ventricular ectopy. N Engl J Med. Jan 24 1985;312(4):193-7. [Medline].
Knauth AL, Gauvreau K, Powell AJ, et al. Ventricular size and function assessed by cardiac MRI predict major adverse clinical outcomes late after tetralogy of Fallot repair. Heart. Feb 2008;94(2):211-6. [Medline].
Liberthson RR. Sudden death from cardiac causes in children and young adults. N Engl J Med. Apr 18 1996;334(16):1039-44. [Medline].
Maron BJ, Gardin JM, Flack JM. HCM in the general population [comment]. Circulation. Aug 1 1996;94(3):588-9. [Medline].
Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Puffer JC, et al. Cardiovascular preparticipation screening of competitive athletes. A statement for health professionals from the Sudden Death Committee (clinical cardiology) and Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee (cardiovascular disease in the young), American Heart. Circulation. Aug 15 1996;94(4):850-6. [Medline].
Maron BJ, Zipes DP. Introduction: eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities-general considerations. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 19 2005;45(8):1318-21. [Medline].
Matitiau A, Perez-Atayde A, Sanders SP, et al. Infantile dilated cardiomyopathy. Relation of outcome to left ventricular mechanics, hemodynamics, and histology at the time of presentation. Circulation. Sep 1994;90(3):1310-8. [Medline].
Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, Crampton RS, et al. The long QT syndrome. Prospective longitudinal study of 328 families. Circulation. Sep 1991;84(3):1136-44. [Medline].
Neuspiel DR, Kuller LH. Sudden and unexpected natural death in childhood and adolescence. JAMA. Sep 13 1985;254(10):1321-5. [Medline].
Nollert G, Fischlein T, Bouterwek S, et al. Long-term survival in patients with repair of tetralogy of Fallot: 36- year follow-up of 490 survivors of the first year after surgical repair. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov 1 1997;30(5):1374-83. [Medline].
Ovadia M, Duque KS. Sporadic isolated left ventricular noncompaction: dread disease or not?. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. Apr 2007;30(4):455-7. [Medline].
Paul T, Marchal C, Garson A Jr. Ventricular couplets in the young: prognosis related to underlying substrate. Am Heart J. Mar 1990;119(3 Pt 1):577-82. [Medline].
Pedersen DH, Zipes DP, Foster PR, Troup PJ. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in a young population. Circulation. - Foster PR;60(5):988-97. [Medline].
Perry JC, Garson A. Encainide and flecainide in children: separating the wheat from the chaff. J Am Coll Cardiol. Aug 1991;18(2):366-7. [Medline].
Polderman KH. Hypothermia and neurological outcome after cardiac arrest: state of the art. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl. 2008;42:23-30. [Medline].
Rocchini AP, Chun PO, Dick M. Ventricular tachycardia in children. Am J Cardiol. May 1981;47(5):1091-7. [Medline].
Schwartz PJ, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, Crampton RS. Diagnostic criteria for the long QT syndrome. An update. Circulation. Aug 1993;88(2):782-4. [Medline].
Shah M, Akar FG, Tomaselli GF. Molecular basis of arrhythmias. Circulation. Oct 18 2005;112(16):2517-29. [Medline].
Shapiro F, Sethna N, Colan S, et al. Spinal fusion in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a multidisciplinary approach. Muscle Nerve. May 1992;15(5):604-14. [Medline].
Sharma JR, Sathanandam S, Rao SP, Acharya S, Flood V. Ventricular tachycardia in acute fulminant myocarditis: medical management and follow-up. Pediatr Cardiol. Mar 2008;29(2):416-9. [Medline].
Skinner JR, Chung SK, Nel CA, et al. Brugada syndrome masquerading as febrile seizures. Pediatrics. May 2007;119(5):e1206-11. [Medline].
Sumitomo N, Sakurada H, Taniguchi K, et al. Association of atrial arrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circ J. Oct 2007;71(10):1606-9. [Medline].
Tandri H, Macedo R, Calkins H, et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: insights from the North American arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD/C) study. Am Heart J. Jan 2008;155(1):147-53. [Medline].
Walsh EP, Rockenmacher S, Keane JF, et al. Late results in patients with tetralogy of Fallot repaired during infancy. Circulation. May 1988;77(5):1062-7. [Medline].
Zareba W, Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, et al. Influence of genotype on the clinical course of the long-QT syndrome. International Long-QT Syndrome Registry Research Group. N Engl J Med. Oct 1 1998;339(14):960-5. [Medline].
Zipes DP, Ackerman MJ, Estes NA 3rd, Grant AO, Myerburg RJ, Van Hare G. Task Force 7: arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 19 2005;45(8):1354-63. [Medline].
Zipes DP, Foster PR, Troup PJ. Atrial induction of ventricular tachycardia: reentry versus triggered automaticity. Am J Cardiol. Jul 1979;44(1):1-8. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
ventricular tachycardia, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, accelerated ventricular rhythms, premature ventricular contractions, PVC, repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, torsade de pointes, ventricular ectopic activity, VEA, ventricular ectopy, ventricular fibrillation, V fib, ventricular flutter, V flutter, ventricular premature beats, ventricular arrhythmia, VA, VT, V tach, sudden cardiac death, syncope, congenital heart disease, long QT syndrome, LQTS, tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular fibrillation, aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM, ventricular septal defects, Chagas disease, trypanosomiasis, Brugada syndrome, cocaine, tricyclic antidepressant use, Kawasaki disease, right bundle-branch block, RBBB, right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia, left bundle-branch block, LBBB










Multimedia: Ventricular Tachycardia