Pediatric Pacemaker Implantation Medication

  • Author: Charles I Berul, MD; Chief Editor: Stuart Berger, MD   more...
 
Updated: Jan 12, 2012
 

Medication Summary

The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce morbidity and prevent complications.

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Antibiotics, Other

Class Summary

Routinely, cefazolin 1 g is administered intravenously (IV) 1 hour before the procedure. If the patient is allergic to penicillins or cephalosporins, vancomycin 1 g IV or another appropriate antibiotic may be administered preoperatively.

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Cefazolin

 

Cefazolin is a first-generation semisynthetic cephalosporin that arrests bacterial cell wall synthesis, inhibiting bacterial growth.

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Vancomycin

 

Vancomycin is a potent antibiotic that is directed against gram-positive organisms and that is active against Enterococcus species. Vancomycin is indicated for patients who cannot receive or have not responded to penicillins and cephalosporins and for patients who have infections with resistant staphylococci.

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Local Anesthetics, Amides

Class Summary

Local anesthetics block the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses.Anesthetics used for the permanent pacemaker insertion include bupivacaine and lidocaine.

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Bupivacaine (Marcaine)

 

Bupivacaine decreases permeability to sodium ions in neuronal membranes. This results in the inhibition of depolarization, blocking the transmission of nerve impulses.

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Lidocaine (Xylocaine)

 

Lidocaine is an amide local anesthetic used in 1-2% concentration. The 1% preparation contains 10 mg of lidocaine for each 1 mL of solution; the 2% preparation contains 20 mg of lidocaine for each 1 mL of solution. Lidocaine inhibits depolarization of type C sensory neurons by blocking sodium channels.

To improve local anesthetic injection, cool the skin with ethyl chloride before injection. Use smaller-gauge needles (eg, 27 gauge or 30 gauge). Make sure the solution is at body temperature. Infiltrate very slowly to minimize the pain. The time from administration to onset of action is 2-5 minutes, and the effect lasts for 1.5-2 hours.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Charles I Berul, MD  Professor of Pediatrics and Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center

Charles I Berul, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, Cardiac Electrophysiology Society, Heart Rhythm Society, Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Johnson & Johnson Consulting fee Consulting

Chief Editor

Stuart Berger, MD  Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin; Chief of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Director of Pediatric Heart Transplant Program, Medical Director of The Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin

Stuart Berger, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American Heart Association, and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Jennifer N Avari, MD Fellow, Pediatric Electrophysiology, Children's Hospital Boston

Jennifer N Avari, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, and Heart Rhythm Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John W Moore, MD, MPH Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine; Director of Cardiology, Rady Children's Hospital

John W Moore, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Cardiology, and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey Allen Towbin, MD, MSc, FAAP, FACC, FAHA Professor, Departments of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Cardiovascular Sciences, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine; Chief of Pediatric Cardiology, Foundation Chair in Pediatric Cardiac Research, Texas Children's Hospital

Jeffrey Allen Towbin, MD, MSc, FAAP, FACC, FAHA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Cardiology, American College of Sports Medicine, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Society of Human Genetics, Cardiac Electrophysiology Society, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Pediatric Research,Texas Medical Association, and Texas Pediatric Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

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Electrocardiogram reveals sinus atrial mechanism with complete atrioventricular block and ventricular paced rhythm.
Electrocardiogram illustrates 2-year-old child with third-degree atrioventricular block.
Electrocardiogram illustrates atrial-synchronous, ventricular paced rhythm.
Illustration of normal conduction system.
Transvenous ventricular pacemaker in 2-year-old child. Note abundant slack in lead to allow for growth.
Epicardial dual-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator in neonate with congenital complete atrioventricular block. Two bipolar suture-on leads (1 on atrium and 1 on ventricle) are attached to DDDR pacemaker in abdomen.
 
 
 
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