Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Multimedia

References

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4. Smith CP, Firth D, Bennett S, et al. Ketoacidosis occurring in newly diagnosed and established diabetic children. Acta Paediatr. May 1998;87(5):537-41. [Medline].

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12. Hale PM, Rezvani I, Braunstein AW, et al. Factors predicting cerebral edema in young children with diabetic ketoacidosis and new onset type I diabetes. Acta Paediatr. Jun 1997;86(6):626-31. [Medline].

13. Mel JM, Werther GA. Incidence and outcome of diabetic cerebral oedema in childhood: are there predictors?. J Paediatr Child Health. Feb 1995;31(1):17-20. [Medline].

14. Silver SM, Clark EC, Schroeder BM, Sterns RH. Pathogenesis of cerebral edema after treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis [published erratum appears in Kidney Int 1997 May;51(5):1662]. Kidney Int. Apr 1997;51(4):1237-44. [Medline].

15. Okuda Y, Adrogue HJ, Field JB, et al. Counterproductive effects of sodium bicarbonate in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jan 1996;81(1):314-20. [Medline].

16. Hoffman WH, Locksmith JP, Burton EM, et al. Interstitial pulmonary edema in children and adolescents with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Diabetes Complications. Nov-Dec 1998;12(6):314-20. [Medline].

17. Holsclaw DS Jr, Torcato B. Acute pulmonary edema in juvenile diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. Dec 1997;24(6):438-43. [Medline].

18. Delamater AM, Shaw KH, Applegate EB, et al. Risk for metabolic control problems in minority youth with diabetes. Diabetes Care. May 1999;22(5):700-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].

19. Cohn BA, Cirillo PM, Wingard DL, et al. Gender differences in hospitalizations for IDDM among adolescents in California, 1991. Implications for prevention. Diabetes Care. Nov 1997;20(11):1677-82. [Medline].

20. Quinn M, Fleischman A, Rosner B, et al. Characteristics at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children younger than 6 years. J Pediatr. Mar 2006;148(3):366-71. [Medline].

21. Edge JA, Roy Y, Bergomi A, et al. Conscious level in children with diabetic ketoacidosis is related to severity of acidosis and not to blood glucose concentration. Pediatr Diabetes. Feb 2006;7(1):11-5. [Medline].

22. Musey VC, Lee JK, Crawford R. Diabetes in urban African-Americans. I. Cessation of insulin therapy is the major precipitating cause of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. Apr 1995;18(4):483-9. [Medline].

23. Thompson CJ, Cummings F, Chalmers J, Newton RW. Abnormal insulin treatment behaviour: a major cause of ketoacidosis in the young adult. Diabet Med. May 1995;12(5):429-32. [Medline].

24. Morris AD, Boyle DI, McMahon AD, et al. Adherence to insulin treatment, glycaemic control, and ketoacidosis in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The DARTS/MEMO Collaboration. Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland. Medicines Monitoring Unit. Lancet. Nov 22 1997;350(9090):1505-10. [Medline].

25. Smaldone A, Honig J, Stone PW, et al. Characteristics of California children with single versus multiple diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalizations (1998-2000). Diabetes Care. Aug 2005;28(8):2082-4. [Medline]. [Full Text].

26. Holstein A, Abel C, Zumwalde I. Recurrent severe diabetic ketoacidosis due to intoxication with synthetic drugs ('Ecstasy' and 'Speed'). Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin. 1997;34(1):46-50.

27. Brandenburg MA, Dire DJ. Comparison of arterial and venous blood gas values in the initial emergency department evaluation of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Emerg Med. Apr 1998;31(4):459-65. [Medline].

28. Wiggam MI, O'Kane MJ, Harper R, et al. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis using normalization of blood 3- hydroxybutyrate concentration as the endpoint of emergency management. A randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care. Sep 1997;20(9):1347-52. [Medline].

29. Noyes KJ, Crofton P, Bath LE, et al. Hydroxybutyrate near-patient testing to evaluate a new end-point for intravenous insulin therapy in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Pediatr Diabetes. Jun 2007;8(3):150-6. [Medline].

30. Fiordalisi I, Novotny WE, Holbert D, Finberg L, Harris GD. An 18-yr prospective study of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: an approach to minimizing the risk of brain herniation during treatment. Pediatr Diabetes. Jun 2007;8(3):142-9. [Medline].

31. Harris GD, Fiordalisi I. Physiologic management of diabetic ketoacidemia. A 5-year prospective pediatric experience in 231 episodes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Oct 1994;148(10):1046-52. [Medline].

32. Butkiewicz EK, Leibson CL, O'Brien PC, Palumbo PJ, Rizza RA. Insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. Bolus insulin injection versus continuous insulin infusion. Diabetes Care. Aug 1995;18(8):1187-90. [Medline].

33. [Best Evidence] Della Manna T, Steinmetz L, Campos PR, Farhat SC, Schvartsman C, Kuperman H. Subcutaneous use of a fast-acting insulin analog: an alternative treatment for pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. Aug 2005;28(8):1856-61. [Medline].

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36. Vanelli M, Chiari G, Ghizzoni L, et al. Effectiveness of a prevention program for diabetic ketoacidosis in children. An 8-year study in schools and private practices. Diabetes Care. Jan 1999;22(1):7-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

37. Miller SG. Family therapy for recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis: Treatment guidelines. Family Systems Medicine. 1996;14(3):303-14.

38. Muir AB, Quisling RG, Yang MC, Rosenbloom AL. Cerebral edema in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis: natural history, radiographic findings, and early identification. Diabetes Care. Jul 2004;27(7):1541-6. [Medline].

39. White H, Cook D, Venkatesh B. The use of hypertonic saline for treating intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury. Anesth Analg. Jun 2006;102(6):1836-46. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA, cerebral edema, DKA, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, low bicarbonate, acidosis, ketonemia, ketonuria, type 1 diabetes, type 1 diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent diabetes, IDD, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM, childhood diabetes, childhood diabetes mellitus, childhood-onset diabetes, childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, diabetes in childhood, diabetes mellitus in childhood, juvenile-onset diabetes, juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, ketosis-prone diabetes, autoimmune diabetes mellitus, brittle diabetes mellitus, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, MODY, chamber-pot dropsy, thirst disease, sugar disease, sugar sickness, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS, pneumothorax, rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

William H Lamb, MBBS, MD, FRCP(Edin), FRCP, Clinical Lecturer, Department of Child Health, The General Hospital, Bishop Auckland, UK
William H Lamb, MBBS, MD, FRCP(Edin), FRCP is a member of the following medical societies: British Medical Association, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, and Royal College of Physicians
Disclosure: Medtronic UK Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Medical Editor

G Patricia Cantwell, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami; Director of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Children's Hospital
G Patricia Cantwell, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Heart Association, American Trauma Society, National Association of EMS Physicians, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and Wilderness Medical Society
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Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
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Managing Editor

Barry J Evans, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Temple University Medical School; Director of Pediatric Critical Care and Pulmonology, Associate Chair for Pediatric Education, Temple University Children's Medical Center
Barry J Evans, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and Society of Critical Care Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Mary E Cataletto, MD, Associate Director, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Winthrop University Hospital; Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, State University of New York at Stony Brook; Director of Children's Sleep Services, Winthrop University Hospital
Mary E Cataletto, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Chest Physicians
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Chief Editor

Timothy E Corden, MD, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Co-Director, Policy Core, Injury Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin; Associate Director, PICU, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin
Timothy E Corden, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Phi Beta Kappa, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and Wisconsin Medical Society
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