Erythema Toxicum: Multimedia

References

1. Lehndorff H. Bartholomaeus Metlinger. A fifteenth century pediatrician. Arch Pediatr. Jul 1951;68(7):322-33. [Medline].

2. Eitzman DV, Smith RT. The nonspecific inflammatory cycle in the neonatal infant. AMA J Dis Child. Mar 1959;97(3):326-34. [Medline].

3. Bassukas ID. Is erythema toxicum neonatorum a mild self-limited acute cutaneous graft-versus-host-reaction from maternal-to-fetal lymphocyte transfer?. Med Hypotheses. 1992;38:334-338. [Medline].

4. Carr JA, Hodgman JE, Freedman RI, Levan NE. Relationship between toxic erythema and infant maturity. Am J Dis Child. Aug 1966;112(2):129-34. [Medline].

5. Keitel HG, Yadav V. Etiology of Toxic Erythema. Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum. Am J Dis Child. Sep 1963;106:306-9. [Medline].

6. Saracli T, Kenney JA Jr, Scott RB. Common skin disorders in the newborn Negro infant. Observations based on the examination of 1,000 babies. J Pediatr. Mar 1963;62:359-62. [Medline].

7. Liu C, Feng J, Qu R. Epidemiologic study of the predisposing factors in erythema toxicum neonatorum. Dermatology. 2005;210(4):269-72. [Medline].

8. Morgan AJ, Steen CJ, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK. Erythema toxicum neonatorum revisited. Cutis. Jan 2009;83(1):13-6. [Medline].

9. [Guideline] New York State Department of Health. Dermatologic manifestations. New York State Department of Health. 2004;[Full Text].

10. O'Connor NR, McLaughlin MR, Ham P. Newborn skin: Part I. Common rashes. Am Fam Physician. Jan 1 2008;77(1):47-52. [Medline].

11. Duperrat B, Bret AJ. Erythema neonatorum allergicum. Br J Dermatol. Aug-Sep 1961;73:300-2. [Medline].

12. Hurwitz S. Erythema toxicum. In: Clinical Pediatric Dermatology. 1993: 13-14.

13. Johnson BL, Honig PJ, Jaworsky C. Erythema toxicum neonatorum. In: Pediatric Dermatopathology. 1994: 82.

14. Marchini G, Nelson A, Edner J, et al. Erythema toxicum neonatorum is an innate immune response to commensal microbes penetrated into the skin of the newborn infant. Pediatr Res. Sep 2005;58(3):613-6. [Medline].

15. Marchini G, Stabi B, Kankes K, et al. AQP1 and AQP3, psoriasin, and nitric oxide synthases 1-3 are inflammatory mediators in erythema toxicum neonatorum. Pediatr Dermatol. Sep-Oct 2003;20(5):377-84. [Medline].

16. Stone OJ. High viscosity of newborn extracellular matrix is the etiology of erythema toxicum neonatorum: neonatal jaundice?: hyaline membrane disease?. Med Hypotheses. Sep 1990;33(1):15-7. [Medline].

17. Taylor WB, Bondurant CP Jr. Erythema neonatorum allergicum; a study of the incidence in two hundred newborn infants and a review of the literature. AMA Arch Derm. Nov 1957;76(5):591-4. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

erythema toxicum, dyspeptic erythema, erythema neonatorum allergicum, erythema papulatum of the newborn, erythema toxicum neonatorum, ETN, neonatal toxic erythema, red gum, toxic erythema of the newborn, skin lesions, skin spots, bumps, rash, treatment, diagnosis

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Albert C Yan, MD, Section Chief, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania
Albert C Yan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Academy of Pediatrics, Society for Investigative Dermatology, and Society for Pediatric Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Kevin P Connelly, DO, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Emergency Care, Virginia Commonwealth University; Medical Director, Paws for Health Pet Visitation Program of the Richmond SPCA; Pediatric Emergency Physician, Emergency Consultants Inc, Chippenham Medical Center
Kevin P Connelly, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Osteopathic Pediatricians, and American Osteopathic Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from financial planner; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from financial planner ; WebMD Salary and stock Employment and investment from financial planner

Managing Editor

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH, Professor and Head, Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Pediatrics, Medicine, and Preventive Medicine and Community Health, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School
Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, and Sigma Xi
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Merrily P M Poth, MD, Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Merrily P M Poth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Endocrine Society, and Lawson-Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Dirk M Elston, MD, Director, Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center
Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.