eMedicine Specialties > Pediatrics: General Medicine > Dermatology

Contact Dermatitis: Multimedia

Author: Mark A Crowe, MD, Assistant Clinical Instructor, Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington School of Medicine
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Aug 6, 2009

Multimedia

Dry, fissured, pruritic eczema is frequently the ...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 1: Dry, fissured, pruritic eczema is frequently the result of excessive washing and very low humidity in cold climates. Irritant contact dermatitis is due to direct injury of the skin. In this patient, frequent handwashing and use of soap is the cause of damage to the protective layers of the upper epidermis. Patients should be educated about the cause of the dermatitis and instructed in methods of skin protection and care with emollients.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Dry, fissured, pruritic eczema is frequently the ...

Dry, fissured, pruritic eczema is frequently the result of excessive washing and very low humidity in cold climates. Irritant contact dermatitis is due to direct injury of the skin. In this patient, frequent handwashing and use of soap is the cause of damage to the protective layers of the upper epidermis. Patients should be educated about the cause of the dermatitis and instructed in methods of skin protection and care with emollients.

Nickel is the most frequent contact allergen in f...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 2: Nickel is the most frequent contact allergen in females older than 8 years, and allergy occurs in as many as 25% of females 14 years or older. Allergens, such as nickel, are impossible to completely avoid. Exposure can be reduced with careful instruction, but occult exposures may produce chronic or recurrent symptoms. Nickel in the watch and watch band produced this episode of allergic contact dermatitis.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Nickel is the most frequent contact allergen in f...

Nickel is the most frequent contact allergen in females older than 8 years, and allergy occurs in as many as 25% of females 14 years or older. Allergens, such as nickel, are impossible to completely avoid. Exposure can be reduced with careful instruction, but occult exposures may produce chronic or recurrent symptoms. Nickel in the watch and watch band produced this episode of allergic contact dermatitis.

Allergic reactions to rubber products are usually...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 3: Allergic reactions to rubber products are usually caused by antioxidants and accelerators added in the manufacturing process, rather than the rubber itself. Antioxidants help preserve the rubber, and accelerators help in the vulcanization process. Exposure to rubber in gloves, shoes, undergarments, tires, heavy-duty rubber goods, and sport goggles is common.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Allergic reactions to rubber products are usually...

Allergic reactions to rubber products are usually caused by antioxidants and accelerators added in the manufacturing process, rather than the rubber itself. Antioxidants help preserve the rubber, and accelerators help in the vulcanization process. Exposure to rubber in gloves, shoes, undergarments, tires, heavy-duty rubber goods, and sport goggles is common.

The typical eruption from poison ivy includes ery...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 4: The typical eruption from poison ivy includes erythema, edema, papules, vesicles, and bullae. Linear streaks as in this patient are characteristic but are not always present. Initial yellow crusts are dried serum from ruptured bullous lesions and not evidence of infection. Oleoresin (urushiol), which exudes from damaged areas of poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, turns black after exposure to air. Fresh oleoresin on the skin dries and may be observed as black smudges or spots.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
The typical eruption from poison ivy includes ery...

The typical eruption from poison ivy includes erythema, edema, papules, vesicles, and bullae. Linear streaks as in this patient are characteristic but are not always present. Initial yellow crusts are dried serum from ruptured bullous lesions and not evidence of infection. Oleoresin (urushiol), which exudes from damaged areas of poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, turns black after exposure to air. Fresh oleoresin on the skin dries and may be observed as black smudges or spots.

When limes are squeezed into beverages, excess ju...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 5: When limes are squeezed into beverages, excess juice remains on the skin. Sun exposure of this lime juice produces areas of dermatitis or hyperpigmentation. Perfumes are also common sources of photo contact dermatitis.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
When limes are squeezed into beverages, excess ju...

When limes are squeezed into beverages, excess juice remains on the skin. Sun exposure of this lime juice produces areas of dermatitis or hyperpigmentation. Perfumes are also common sources of photo contact dermatitis.

Most common moisturizers contain various additive...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 6: Most common moisturizers contain various additives and preservatives. The list of ingredients on this bottle is not uncommon, and most of these agents are capable of causing allergic contact dermatitis. Patch testing with the individual ingredients can be used to identify the agent that is a problem for any particular patient.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Most common moisturizers contain various additive...

Most common moisturizers contain various additives and preservatives. The list of ingredients on this bottle is not uncommon, and most of these agents are capable of causing allergic contact dermatitis. Patch testing with the individual ingredients can be used to identify the agent that is a problem for any particular patient.

Areas of acute contact dermatitis respond well to...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 7: Areas of acute contact dermatitis respond well to cool compresses and wound care. Moist compresses are soothing, have a mild antipruritic effect, reduce serous drainage, and gently debride the wound. Clean water, isotonic sodium chloride solution, and Burow solution all can be used. Compresses should be kept moist at all times. Wet-to-dry compresses are painful and destroy fragile tissues. Following moist compress applications for 5-10 minutes, affected sites should be gently cleared of loose crusts and a thin coat of Vaseline or antibacterial ointment should be applied.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Areas of acute contact dermatitis respond well to...

Areas of acute contact dermatitis respond well to cool compresses and wound care. Moist compresses are soothing, have a mild antipruritic effect, reduce serous drainage, and gently debride the wound. Clean water, isotonic sodium chloride solution, and Burow solution all can be used. Compresses should be kept moist at all times. Wet-to-dry compresses are painful and destroy fragile tissues. Following moist compress applications for 5-10 minutes, affected sites should be gently cleared of loose crusts and a thin coat of Vaseline or antibacterial ointment should be applied.

Urticaria, also known as hives or whelps, involve...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 8: Urticaria, also known as hives or whelps, involves edematous pale or pink plaques. Agents can produce urticaria by immunologic reactions, by nonimmunologic reactions, or by unknown mechanisms. Nonimmunologic reactions are most common. Other types of environmentally associated urticaria must be excluded. This is an example of cold urticaria produced by application of an ice cube to the dorsum of the arm.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Urticaria, also known as hives or whelps, involve...

Urticaria, also known as hives or whelps, involves edematous pale or pink plaques. Agents can produce urticaria by immunologic reactions, by nonimmunologic reactions, or by unknown mechanisms. Nonimmunologic reactions are most common. Other types of environmentally associated urticaria must be excluded. This is an example of cold urticaria produced by application of an ice cube to the dorsum of the arm.

Prolonged use of moderate- to high-potency topica...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 9: Prolonged use of moderate- to high-potency topical steroids may cause skin atrophy or steroid acne. This patient used a moderate-strength steroid, triamcinolone 0.1%, in this area for several weeks. Steroid acne, also called steroid rosacea, has a classic appearance with monomorphic erythematous papules. If the steroid is discontinued, the condition usually worsens. Patients must understand that symptoms worsen before they improve, and several weeks or months are required to taper off this steroid.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Prolonged use of moderate- to high-potency topica...

Prolonged use of moderate- to high-potency topical steroids may cause skin atrophy or steroid acne. This patient used a moderate-strength steroid, triamcinolone 0.1%, in this area for several weeks. Steroid acne, also called steroid rosacea, has a classic appearance with monomorphic erythematous papules. If the steroid is discontinued, the condition usually worsens. Patients must understand that symptoms worsen before they improve, and several weeks or months are required to taper off this steroid.

This purpuric reaction was noted after applicatio...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 10: This purpuric reaction was noted after application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) for 1 hour. EMLA cream is widely used as a local anesthetic for superficial procedures. Blanching and redness are commonly observed side effects. Dramatic purpuric reactions to EMLA, as in this patient, have been reported. Patch test results in these patients with the individual ingredients of EMLA cream, EMLA cream itself, placebo cream, and Tegaderm are negative. Apparently, the purpuric reaction is not of an allergic nature, but the cream may have a toxic effect on the capillary endothelium.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
This purpuric reaction was noted after applicatio...

This purpuric reaction was noted after application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) for 1 hour. EMLA cream is widely used as a local anesthetic for superficial procedures. Blanching and redness are commonly observed side effects. Dramatic purpuric reactions to EMLA, as in this patient, have been reported. Patch test results in these patients with the individual ingredients of EMLA cream, EMLA cream itself, placebo cream, and Tegaderm are negative. Apparently, the purpuric reaction is not of an allergic nature, but the cream may have a toxic effect on the capillary endothelium.

More on Contact Dermatitis

Overview: Contact Dermatitis
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Contact Dermatitis
Treatment & Medication: Contact Dermatitis
Follow-up: Contact Dermatitis
Multimedia: Contact Dermatitis
References
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

References

  1. Lee PW, Elsaie ML, Jacob SE. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: common allergens and treatment: a review. Curr Opin Pediatr. Aug 2009;21(4):491-8. [Medline].

  2. Militello G, Jacob SE, Crawford GH. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. Aug 2006;18(4):385-90. [Medline].

  3. Fisher AA, Rietschel RL, Fowler JF. Fisher's Contact Dermatitis. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1995.

  4. Warshaw E, Lee G, Storrs FJ. Hand dermatitis: a review of clinical features, therapeutic options, and long-term outcomes. Am J Contact Dermat. Sep 2003;14(3):119-37. [Medline].

  5. Brasch J, Geier J. Patch test results in schoolchildren. Results from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Contact Dermatitis. Dec 1997;37(6):286-93. [Medline].

  6. de Lagran ZM, de Frutos FJ, de Arribas MG, Vanaclocha-Sebastian F. Contact urticaria to raw potato. Dermatol Online J. May 15 2009;15(5):14. [Medline].

  7. Clemmensen O, Hjorth N. Perioral contact urticaria from sorbic acid and benzoic acid in a salad dressing. Contact Dermatitis. Jan 1982;8(1):1-6. [Medline].

  8. [Guideline] American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Contact dermatitis: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Sep 2006;97(3 Suppl 2):S1-38. [Medline].

  9. Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B. Contact dermatitis from occupation-induced injury. Isr Med Assoc J. May 2009;11(5):322. [Medline].

  10. Ayala F, Balato N, Lembo G, et al. A multicentre study of contact sensitization in children. Gruppo Italiano Ricerca Dermatiti da Contatto e Ambientali (GIRDCA). Contact Dermatitis. May 1992;26(5):307-10. [Medline].

  11. Azurdia RM, King CM. Allergic contact dermatitis due to phenol-formaldehyde resin and benzoyl peroxide in swimming goggles. Contact Dermatitis. Apr 1998;38(4):234-5. [Medline].

  12. Barros MA, Baptista A, Correia TM, Azevedo F. Patch testing in children: a study of 562 schoolchildren. Contact Dermatitis. Sep 1991;25(3):156-9. [Medline].

  13. Basketter DA, Jefferies D, Safford BJ, et al. The impact of exposure variables on the induction of skin sensitization. Contact Dermatitis. Sep 2006;55(3):178-85. [Medline].

  14. Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis-Jones MS. Which children should we patch test?. Clin Exp Dermatol. Jan 2007;32(1):6-11. [Medline].

  15. Belsito D, Wilson DC, Warshaw E, et al. A prospective randomized clinical trial of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment in a model of chronic allergic contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jul 2006;55(1):40-6. [Medline].

  16. Belsito DV, Fowler JF Jr, Sasseville D, et al. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to fragrance materials in a select North American population. Dermatitis. Mar 2006;17(1):23-8. [Medline].

  17. Berne B, Bostrom A, Grahnen AF, Tammela M. Adverse effects of cosmetics and toiletries reported to the Swedish Medical Products Agency 1989-1994. Contact Dermatitis. May 1996;34(5):359-62. [Medline].

  18. Brancaccio RR, Brown LH, Chang YT, et al. Identification and quantification of para-phenylenediamine in a temporary black henna tattoo. Am J Contact Dermat. Mar 2002;13(1):15-8. [Medline].

  19. Brown T. Strategies for prevention: occupational contact dermatitis. Occup Med (Lond). Oct 2004;54(7):450-7. [Medline].

  20. Bruynzeel DP, Ferguson J, Andersen K, et al. Photopatch testing: a consensus methodology for Europe. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Nov 2004;18(6):679-82. [Medline].

  21. Bryden AM, Moseley H, Ibbotson SH, et al. Photopatch testing of 1155 patients: results of the U.K. multicentre photopatch study group. Br J Dermatol. Oct 2006;155(4):737-47. [Medline].

  22. Burden AD, Beck MH. Contact hypersensitivity to topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol. Nov 1992;127(5):497-500. [Medline].

  23. Clayton TH, Wilkinson SM, Rawcliffe C, Pollock B, Clark SM. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: should pattern of dermatitis determine referral? A retrospective study of 500 children tested between 1995 and 2004 in one U.K. centre. Br J Dermatol. Jan 2006;154(1):114-7. [Medline].

  24. Cockayne SE, Shah M, Messenger AG, Gawkrodger DJ. Foot dermatitis in children: causative allergens and follow-up. Contact Dermatitis. Apr 1998;38(4):203-6. [Medline].

  25. Codreanu F, Morisset M, Cordebar V, Kanny G, Moneret-Vautrin DA. Risk of allergy to food proteins in topical medicinal agents and cosmetics. Allerg Immunol (Paris). Apr 2006;38(4):126-30. [Medline].

  26. Cohen DE, Heidary N. Treatment of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(4):334-40. [Medline].

  27. Davis MD, el-Azhary RA, Farmer SA. Results of patch testing to a corticosteroid series: a retrospective review of 1188 patients during 6 years at Mayo Clinic. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jun 2007;56(6):921-7. [Medline].

  28. De Groot AC. Patch Testing: Test Concentrations and Vehicles for 3700 Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Ltd; 1994.

  29. de Waard-van der Spek FB, Oranje AP. Purpura caused by Emla is of toxic origin. Contact Dermatitis. Jan 1997;36(1):11-3. [Medline].

  30. Dubakiene R, Kupriene M. Scientific problems of photosensitivity. Medicina (Kaunas). 2006;42(8):619-24. [Medline].

  31. Farage MA. Are we reaching the limits or our ability to detect skin effects with our current testing and measuring methods for consumer products?. Contact Dermatitis. Jun 2005;52(6):297-303. [Medline].

  32. Fisher AA. Allergic contact dermatitis in early infancy. Cutis. Nov 1994;54(5):300-2. [Medline].

  33. Fisher AA. Perfume dermatitis in children sensitized to balsam of Peru in topical agents. Cutis. Jan 1990;45(1):21-3. [Medline].

  34. Fotiades J, Soter NA, Lim HW. Results of evaluation of 203 patients for photosensitivity in a 7.3-year period. J Am Acad Dermatol. Oct 1995;33(4):597-602. [Medline].

  35. Goncalo S, Goncalo M, Azenha A, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. A multicenter study of the Portuguese Contact Dermatitis Group (GPEDC). Contact Dermatitis. Feb 1992;26(2):112-5. [Medline].

  36. Goon AT, Goh CL. Patch testing of Singapore children and adolescents: our experience over 18 years. Pediatr Dermatol. Mar-Apr 2006;23(2):117-20. [Medline].

  37. Guerra L, Rogkakou A, Massacane P, et al. Role of contact sensitization in chronic urticaria. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jan 2007;56(1):88-90. [Medline].

  38. Guin JD. The black spot test for recognizing poison ivy and related species. J Am Acad Dermatol. Apr 1980;2(4):332-3. [Medline].

  39. Guin JD, Gillis WT, Beaman JH. Recognizing the Toxicodendrons (poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac). J Am Acad Dermatol. Jan 1981;4(1):99-114. [Medline].

  40. Hanks JW, Venters WJ. Nickel allergy from a bed-wetting alarm confused with herpes genitalis and child abuse. Pediatrics. Sep 1992;90(3):458-60. [Medline].

  41. Harvell J, Bason M, Maibach H. Contact urticaria and its mechanisms. Food Chem Toxicol. Feb 1994;32(2):103-12. [Medline].

  42. Hemmer W, Focke M, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Pigmented contact dermatitis of the lips from a lipstick. Contact Dermatitis. Nov 1997;37(5):244. [Medline].

  43. Hogan PA, Weston WL. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Pediatr Rev. Jun 1993;14(6):240-3. [Medline].

  44. Humphrey S, Bergman JN, Au S. Practical management strategies for diaper dermatitis. Skin Therapy Lett. Sep 2006;11(7):1-6. [Medline].

  45. Jacob SE, Amado A, Cohen DE. Dermatologic surgical implications of allergic contact dermatitis. Dermatol Surg. Sep 2005;31(9 Pt 1):1116-23. [Medline].

  46. Jasim ZF, Darling JR, Handley JM. Severe allergic contact dermatitis to paraphenylene diamine in hair dye following sensitization to black henna tattoos. Contact Dermatitis. Feb 2005;52(2):116-7. [Medline].

  47. Kandil HH, al-Ghanem MM, Sarwat MA, al-Thallab FS. Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.) inducing haemolysis among G6PD-deficient newborns. A new clinical observation. Ann Trop Paediatr. Dec 1996;16(4):287-91. [Medline].

  48. Katsarou A, Koufou V, Armenaka M, et al. Patch tests in children: a review of 14 years experience. Contact Dermatitis. Jan 1996;34(1):70-1. [Medline].

  49. Kim E, Maibach H. Changing paradigms in dermatology: science and art of diagnostic patch and contact urticaria testing. Clin Dermatol. Sep-Oct 2003;21(5):346-52. [Medline].

  50. Kok AN, Ertekin V, Bilge Y, Isik AF. An unusual cause of suicide: henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.). J Emerg Med. Oct 2005;29(3):343-4. [Medline].

  51. Kriechbaumer N, Hemmer W, Focke M, et al. Sensitization to ethyl chloride in a handball player. Contact Dermatitis. Apr 1998;38(4):227-8. [Medline].

  52. Kwangsukstith C, Maibach HI. Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. Nov 1995;33(5):289-98. [Medline].

  53. Lever R, Forsyth A. Allergic contact dermatitis in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1992;176:95-8. [Medline].

  54. Lutsky BN, Schuller JL, Cerio R, et al. Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of loratadine syrup and terfenadine suspension in the treatment of chronic allergic skin diseases in a pediatric population. Arzneimittelforschung. Nov 1993;43(11):1196-9. [Medline].

  55. Manzini BM, Ferdani G, Simonetti V, et al. Contact sensitization in children. Pediatr Dermatol. Jan-Feb 1998;15(1):12-7. [Medline].

  56. Matulich J, Sullivan J. A temporary henna tattoo causing hair and clothing dye allergy. Contact Dermatitis. Jul 2005;53(1):33-6. [Medline].

  57. McAlvany JP, Sherertz EF. Contact dermatitis in infants, children, and adolescents. Adv Dermatol. 1994;9:205-23; discussion 224. [Medline].

  58. Murphy GM. Investigation of photosensitive disorders. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. Dec 2004;20(6):305-11. [Medline].

  59. Neri I, Savoia F, Guareschi E, Medri M, Patrizi A. Purpura after application of EMLA cream in two children. Pediatr Dermatol. Nov-Dec 2005;22(6):566-8. [Medline].

  60. Oh-i T. Contact dermatitis due to topical steroids with conceivable cross reactions between topical steroid preparations. J Dermatol. Mar 1996;23(3):200-8. [Medline].

  61. Oranje AP, Aarsen RS, Mulder PG, et al. Food immediate-contact hypersensitivity (FICH) and elimination diet in young children with atopic dermatitis. Preliminary results in 107 children. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1992;176:- van Toorenenbergen AW. [Medline].

  62. Oranje AP, Aarsen RS, Mulder PG, Liefaard G. Immediate contact reactions to cow's milk and egg in atopic children. Acta Derm Venereol. 1991;71(3):263-6. [Medline].

  63. Oranje AP, Bruynzeel DP, Stenveld HJ, Dieges PH. Immediate- and delayed-type contact hypersensitivity in children older than 5 years with atopic dermatitis: a pilot study comparing different tests. Pediatr Dermatol. Sep 1994;11(3):209-15. [Medline].

  64. Orton DI, Wilkinson JD. Cosmetic allergy: incidence, diagnosis, and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(5):327-37. [Medline].

  65. Pacor ML, Di Lorenzo G, Martinelli N, Mansueto P, Friso S, Pellitteri ME. Tacrolimus ointment in nickel sulphate-induced steroid-resistant allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. Nov-Dec 2006;27(6):527-31. [Medline].

  66. Pambor M, Kruger G, Winkler S. Results of patch testing in children. Contact Dermatitis. Nov 1992;27(5):326-8. [Medline].

  67. Pambor M, Winkler S, Bloch Y. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Contact Dermatitis. Jan 1991;24(1):72-4. [Medline].

  68. Patil S, Maibach HI. Effect of age and sex on the elicitation of irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. May 1994;30(5):257-64. [Medline].

  69. Pegas JR, Criado PR, Criado RF, Vasconcellos C, Pires MC. Allergic contact dermatitis to temporary tattoo by p-phenylenediamine. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002;12(1):62-4. [Medline].

  70. Potasman I, Heinrich I, Bassan HM. Aquagenic pruritus: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Isr J Med Sci. Sep 1990;26(9):499-503. [Medline].

  71. Rasanen L, Lehto M, Mustikka-Maki UP. Sensitization to nickel from stainless steel ear-piercing kits. Contact Dermatitis. May 1993;28(5):292-4. [Medline].

  72. Redlick F, DeKoven J. Allergic contact dermatitis to paraphenylendiamine in hair dye after sensitization from black henna tattoos: a report of 6 cases. CMAJ. Feb 13 2007;176(4):445-6. [Medline].

  73. Rietschel RL. Clues to an accurate diagnosis of contact dermatitis. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(3):224-30. [Medline].

  74. Roul S, Ducombs G, Leaute-Labreze C, et al. Footwear contact dermatitis in children. Contact Dermatitis. Dec 1996;35(6):334-6. [Medline].

  75. Rudzki E, Rebandel P. Contact dermatitis in children. Contact Dermatitis. Jan 1996;34(1):66-7. [Medline].

  76. Rycroft RJG, Menne T, Frosch PJ. Textbook of Contact Dermatitis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer Verlag; 1994.

  77. Satyawan I, Oranje AP, van Joost T. Perioral dermatitis in a child due to rosin in chewing gum. Contact Dermatitis. Mar 1990;22(3):182-3. [Medline].

  78. Schauder S, Ippen H. Contact and photocontact sensitivity to sunscreens. Review of a 15-year experience and of the literature. Contact Dermatitis. Nov 1997;37(5):221-32. [Medline].

  79. Seidenari S, Manzini BM, Danese P. Contact sensitization to textile dyes: description of 100 subjects. Contact Dermatitis. Apr 1991;24(4):253-8. [Medline].

  80. Sevila A, Romaguera C, Vilaplana J, Botella R. Contact dermatitis in children. Contact Dermatitis. May 1994;30(5):292-4. [Medline].

  81. Shah M, Lewis FM, Gawkrodger DJ. Patch testing in children and adolescents: five years' experience and follow-up. J Am Acad Dermatol. Dec 1997;37(6):964-8. [Medline].

  82. Shivaram V, Christoph RA, Hayden GF. Skin disorders encountered in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. Aug 1993;9(4):202-4. [Medline].

  83. Sosted H, Johansen JD, Andersen KE, Menne T. Severe allergic hair dye reactions in 8 children. Contact Dermatitis. Feb 2006;54(2):87-91. [Medline].

  84. Stables GI, Forsyth A, Lever RS. Patch testing in children. Contact Dermatitis. May 1996;34(5):341-4. [Medline].

  85. Torgerson RR, Davis MD, Bruce AJ, Farmer SA, Rogers RS 3rd. Contact allergy in oral disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. Aug 2007;57(2):315-21. [Medline].

  86. Trevisan G, Kokelj F. Allergic contact dermatitis due to shoes in children: a 5-year follow-up. Contact Dermatitis. Jan 1992;26(1):45. [Medline].

  87. Wantke F, Focke M, Hemmer W, et al. Generalized urticaria induced by a diethyltoluamide-containing insect repellent in a child. Contact Dermatitis. Sep 1996;35(3):186-7. [Medline].

  88. Wantke F, Hemmer W, Jarisch R, Gotz M. Patch test reactions in children, adults and the elderly. A comparative study in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. May 1996;34(5):316-9. [Medline].

  89. Watemberg N, Urkin Y, Witztum A. Phytophotodermatitis due to figs. Cutis. Aug 1991;48(2):151-2. [Medline].

  90. Weston WL. Contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. Aug 1997;9(4):372-6. [Medline].

  91. Wilkowska A, Grubska-Suchanek E, Karwacka I, Szarmach H. Contact allergy in children. Cutis. Aug 1996;58(2):176-80. [Medline].

  92. Wolf R, Wolf D, Matz H, Orion E. Cutaneous reactions to temporary tattoos. Dermatol Online J. Feb 2003;9(1):3. [Medline].

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Further Reading

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Keywords

contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, ACD, dermatitis venenata, contact eczema, rhus dermatitis, poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, irritant contact dermatitis, ICD, primary irritant dermatitis, photo contact dermatitis, photoallergic contact dermatitis, phototoxic contact dermatitis, berloque dermatitis, contact urticaria, hives, whelps, eczematous dermatitis, acute caustic burn, cold urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, dermatographism, pressure urticaria, aquagenic pruritus, aquagenic urticaria, solar urticaria, heat urticaria, papular urticaria, exercise-induced urticaria, latex allergy, sunburn, nickel allergy, hyperpigmentation, folliculitis, melanoderma, Umbelliferae family

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Mark A Crowe, MD, Assistant Clinical Instructor, Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington School of Medicine
Mark A Crowe, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology and North American Clinical Dermatologic Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Kevin P Connelly, DO, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Emergency Care, Virginia Commonwealth University; Medical Director, Paws for Health Pet Visitation Program of the Richmond SPCA; Pediatric Emergency Physician, Emergency Consultants Inc, Chippenham Medical Center
Kevin P Connelly, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Osteopathic Pediatricians, and American Osteopathic Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from financial planner; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from financial planner ; WebMD Salary and stock Employment and investment from financial planner

Managing Editor

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH, Professor and Head, Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Pediatrics, Medicine, and Preventive Medicine and Community Health, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School
Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, and Sigma Xi
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Merrily P M Poth, MD, Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Merrily P M Poth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Endocrine Society, and Lawson-Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Dirk M Elston, MD, Director, Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center
Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.