Hypopituitarism: Multimedia

References

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2. White SM, Campbell DJ. Primary hypopituitarism and peri-operative steroid supplementation. Anaesthesia. Mar 2009;64(3):336-7. [Medline].

3. Mehta A, Hindmarsh PC, Mehta H, Turton JP, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor D, et al. Congenital hypopituitarism: clinical, molecular and neuroradiological correlates. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Mar 6 2009;[Medline].

4. Weinzimer SA, Homan SA, Ferry RJ, Moshang T. Serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations do not accurately predict growth hormone deficiency in children with brain tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Sep 1999;51(3):339-45. [Medline].

5. Jostel A, Ryder WD, Shalet SM. The use of thyroid function tests in the diagnosis of hypopituitarism: definition and evaluation of the TSH Index. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Feb 18 2009;[Medline].

6. Argyropoulou MI, Kiortsis DN. MRI of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in children. Pediatr Radiol. Nov 2005;35(11):1045-55. [Medline].

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8. Blethen SL. Hypopituitarism. In: Pediatric Endocrinology. New York, NY: Marcel; 1996:19-32.

9. Bottner A, Keller E, Kratzsch J, et al. PROP1 mutations cause progressive deterioration of anterior pituitary function including adrenal insufficiency: a longitudinal analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Oct 2004;89(10):5256-65. [Medline]. [Full Text].

10. Choo-Kang LR, Sun CC, Counts DR. Cholestasis and hypoglycemia: manifestations of congenital anterior hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Aug 1996;81(8):2786-9. [Medline].

11. Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Hypopituitarism after cranial irradiation. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(5 Suppl):78-87. [Medline].

12. Fluck C, Deladoey J, Rutishauser K, et al. Phenotypic variability in familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency caused by a PROP1 gene mutation resulting in the substitution of Arg-->Cys at codon 120 (R120C). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Oct 1998;83(10):3727-34. [Medline]. [Full Text].

13. Ghigo E, Masel B, Aimaretti G, et al. Consensus guidelines on screening for hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. Aug 20 2005;19(9):711-24. [Medline].

14. Kim SS, Kim Y, Shin YL, et al. Clinical characteristics and molecular analysis of PIT1, PROP1, LHX3, and HESX1 in combined pituitary hormone deficiency patients with abnormal pituitary MR imaging. Horm Res. 2003;60(6):277-83. [Medline].

15. Kjellin IB, Kaiserman KB, Curran JG, Geffner ME. Aplasia of right internal carotid artery and hypopituitarism. Pediatr Radiol. Aug 1999;29(8):586-8; discussion 585. [Medline].

16. Kübler K, Klingmüller D, Gembruch U, Merz WM. High-risk pregnancy management in women with hypopituitarism. J Perinatol. Feb 2009;29(2):89-95. [Medline].

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18. Lebl J, Vosahlo J, Pfaeffle RW, et al. Auxological and endocrine phenotype in a population-based cohort of patients with PROP1 gene defects. Eur J Endocrinol. Sep 2005;153(3):389-96. [Medline].

19. Lindsay R, Feldkamp M, Harris D, et al. Utah Growth Study: growth standards and the prevalence of growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr. Jul 1994;125(1):29-35. [Medline].

20. Mootha SL, Barkovich AJ, Grumbach MM, et al. Idiopathic hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, pituitary stalk thickening, and the occult intracranial germinoma in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. May 1997;82(5):1362-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

21. Oliveira LM, Seminara SB, Beranova M, et al. The importance of autosomal genes in Kallmann syndrome: genotype- phenotype correlations and neuroendocrine characteristics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Apr 2001;86(4):1532-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

22. Osorio MG, Kopp P, Marui S, et al. Combined pituitary hormone deficiency caused by a novel mutation of a highly conserved residue (F88S) in the homeodomain of PROP-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Aug 2000;85(8):2779-85. [Medline]. [Full Text].

23. Parks JS, Brown MR, Hurley DL, et al. Heritable disorders of pituitary development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Dec 1999;84(12):4362-70. [Medline]. [Full Text].

24. Parks JS, Kinoshita EI, Pfaffle RW. Pit-1 and hypopituitarism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1993;4:81-5.

25. Pernasetti F, Milner RD, al Ashwal AA, et al. Pro239Ser: a novel recessive mutation of the Pit-1 gene in seven Middle Eastern children with growth hormone, prolactin, and thyrotropin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jun 1998;83(6):2079-83. [Medline]. [Full Text].

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28. Rosenbloom AL, Almonte AS, Brown MR, et al. Clinical and biochemical phenotype of familial anterior hypopituitarism from mutation of the PROP1 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Jan 1999;84(1):50-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

29. Rosenfeld RG. Disorders of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor secretion and action. Pediatric Endocrinology. 1996;117-169.

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32. Triulzi F, Scotti G, di Natale B, et al. Evidence of a congenital midline brain anomaly in pituitary dwarfs: a magnetic resonance imaging study in 101 patients. Pediatrics. Mar 1994;93(3):409-16. [Medline].

33. Turton JP, Reynaud R, Mehta A. Novel mutations within the POU1F1 gene associated with variable combined pituitary hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Aug 2005;90(8):4762-70. [Medline].

34. Vance ML. Hypopituitarism. N Engl J Med. Jun 9 1994;330(23):1651-62. [Medline].

35. Vimpani GV, Vimpani AF, Lidgard GP, et al. Prevalence of severe growth hormone deficiency. Br Med J. Aug 13 1977;2(6084):427-30. [Medline].

Further Reading

• Relevant clinical guidelines include the following:
  • American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly
  • American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria for neuroendocrine imaging
  • Subclinical thyroid disease: Scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management
• Relevant clinical trials include the following:
  • Effects of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) on the Sleep in Patients With Hypopituitarism
  • Endocrine Dysfunction and Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children With Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
  • Detection and Treatment of Endocrine Abnormalities in Childhood Cancer Survivors
• Related eMedicine topics include the following:
  • Hypopituitarism (Emergency Medicine)
  • Hypopituitarism (Panhypopituitarism)
  • Panhypopituitarism
  • Growth Hormone Deficiency (Endocrinology)
  • Growth Hormone Deficiency (Pediatrics: General Medicine)

Keywords

hypopituitarism, growth hormone deficiency, GHD, multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, MPHD, pituitary hypothalamus, hypoglycemia, short stature, jaundice, hyponatremia, sepsis, microgenitalia, growth failure, diabetes insipidus, gonadotropin deficiency, cold intolerance, constipation, micropenis, obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, Kallmann syndrome, KS, septo-optic dysplasia, anencephaly, holoprosencephaly, Pallister-Hall syndrome, histiocytosis, tuberculosis, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, lymphocytic hypophysitis, hemochromatosis, craniopharyngioma, germinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, pituitary adenoma, treatment, diagnosis

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Lawrence A Wetterau, MD, Assistant Professor, Section of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Central California
Lawrence A Wetterau, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Endocrine Society, and Lawson-Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Phyllis W Speiser, MD, Chief of Pediatric Endocrinology, Schneider Children's Hospital; Professor of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine
Phyllis W Speiser, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Endocrine Society, Lawson-Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from financial planner; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from financial planner ; WebMD Salary and stock Employment and investment from financial planner

Managing Editor

George P Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, FRCP(London), Professor and Chair, First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Greece
George P Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, FRCP(London) is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Physicians, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Clinical Investigation, Association of American Physicians, Endocrine Society, Lawson-Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Merrily P M Poth, MD, Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Merrily P M Poth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Endocrine Society, and Lawson-Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Stephen Kemp, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Arkansas and Arkansas Children's Hospital
Stephen Kemp, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Pediatric Society, Endocrine Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Southern Medical Association, and Southern Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Genentech, Inc. Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Pfizer, Inc. Honoraria Consulting