Microphallus Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Karen S Vogt, MD; Chief Editor: Stephen Kemp, MD, PhD more...
Differential Diagnoses
- 5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency
- Adrenal Hypoplasia
- Ambiguous Genitalia and Intersexuality
- Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- CHARGE Syndrome
- Genital Anomalies
- Growth Hormone Deficiency
- Hypogonadism
- Hypopituitarism
- Hypopituitarism (Panhypopituitarism)
- Kallmann Syndrome and Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
- Klinefelter Syndrome
- Noonan Syndrome
- Panhypopituitarism
- Prader-Willi Syndrome
- Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
Feldman KW, Smith DW. Fetal phallic growth and penile standards for newborn male infants. J Pediatr. Mar 1975;86(3):395-8. [Medline].
Bin-Abbas B, Conte FA, Grumbach MM. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and micropenis: effect of testosterone treatment on adult penile size why sex reversal is not indicated. J Pediatr. May 1999;134(5):579-83. [Medline].
Schonfeld WA, Beebe GW. Normal growth and variation in male genitalia from birth to maturity. J Urol. 1942;64:759-777.
Wessells H, Lue TF, McAninch JW. Penile length in the flaccid and erect states: guidelines for penile augmentation. J Urol. Sep 1996;156(3):995-7. [Medline].
Tuladhar R, Davis PG, Batch J. Establishment of a normal range of penile length in preterm infants. J Paediatr Child Health. Oct 1998;34(5):471-3. [Medline].
Cohee, L. Endocrinology: Table 10-19: Mean Stretched Penile Length. In: Tschudy MM, Arcara KM. The Harriet Lane Handbook. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2012:Chapter 10.
Hughes IA. The Testes: Disorders of Sexual Differentiation and Puberty in the Male. In: Sperling MA. Pediatric Endocrinology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:Chapter 16.
Grumbach MM. A window of opportunity: the diagnosis of gonadotropin deficiency in the male infant. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. May 2005;90(5):3122-7. [Medline].
Quigley CA. Editorial: The postnatal gonadotropin and sex steroid surge - Insights from the androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:24-28. [Medline].
Witchel SF, Lee PA. Ambiguous Genitalia. In: Sperling MA. Pediatric Endocrinology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:127-164. Chapter 4.
Bourgeois MJ, Jones B, Waagner DC. Micropenis and congenital adrenal hypoplasia. Am J Perinatol. Jan 1989;6(1):69-71. [Medline].
Calikoglu AS. Should boys with micropenis be reared as girls? [editorial]. J Pediatr. May 1999;134(5):537-8. [Medline].
Achermann JC, Ozisik G, Meeks JJ. Genetic causes of human reproductive disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2447-2454. [Medline].
Maimon L, Philibert P, Cammas B, et. al. Phenotypical, biological, and molecular heterogeneity of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency: An extensive international experience of 55 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Feb 2011;96(2):296-307. [Medline].
Toogood AA, Stewart PM. Hypopituitarism: clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. Mar 2008;37(1):235-61, x. [Medline].
Hartke DM, Palmer JS. Anomalies of the penis. J Men's Health Gend. Sept 2006;3(3):244-249.
Ragan DC, Casale AJ, Rink RC. Genitourinary anomalies in the CHARGE association. J Urol. Feb 1999;161(2):622-5. [Medline].
Hayes FJ, Seminara SB, Crowley WF. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1998;27:739-763. [Medline].
Melmed S, Kleinberg D, Ho K. Pituitary Physiology and Diagnostic Evaluation. In: Melmed S. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:Chapter 8.
Palmer JS. Genitourinary manifestations in boys and girls associated with genetic disease. J Men's Health Gend. March 2006;3(1):71-79.
Allanson JE. Noonan Syndrome. GeneReviews. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1124/. Accessed 2 July 2011.
Achermann JC, Hughes IA. Disorders of Sex Development. In: Melmed. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:Chapter 23.
Boehmer AL, Brinkmann AO, Sandkuijl LA, et al. 17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency: diagnosis, phenotypic variability, population genetics, and worldwide distribution of ancient and de novo mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Dec 1999;84(12):4713-21. [Medline].
Cassidy SB, Schwartz S. Prader-Willi Syndrome. GeneReviews. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1330/. Accessed 2 July 2011.
Drugs: Testosterone. MD Consult. Available at http://www.mdconsult.com. Accessed 2 July 2011.
Gad YZ, Nasr H, Mazen I. 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in patients with micropenis. J Inherit Metab Dis. Mar 1997;20(1):95-101. [Medline].
Lalani SR, Hefner MA, Belmont JW et al. CHARGE Syndrome. GeneReviews. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1117/. Accessed 2 July 2011.
Lee YS, Kirk JM, Stanhope RG, et al. Phenotypic variability in 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency and diagnostic pitfalls. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Jul 2007;67(1):20-8. [Medline].
Menon RK, Trucco M, Stratakis CA. Molecular Endocrinology and Endocrine Genetics. In: Sperling MA. Pediatric Endocrinology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:Chapter 1.
Pallais JC, Au M, Pitteloud N, et al. Kallmann Syndrome. GeneReviews. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1334/. Accessed 3 July 2011.
Sinnecker GH, Hiort O, Dibbelt L. Phenotypic classification of male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. Am J Med Genet. May 3 1996;63(1):223-30. [Medline].
Styne DM, Grumbach MM. Puberty: Ontogeny, Neuroendocrinology, Physiology, and Disorders. In: Melmed S. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:Chapter 25.
Tsigos C, Latronico C, Chrousos GP. Luteinizing hormone resistance syndromes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Jun 17 1997;816:263-73. [Medline].
Waters AM, Beales PL. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. GeneReviews. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1363/. Accessed 2 July 2011.
Wisniewski AB, Migeon CJ, Gearhart JP, et. al. Congenital micropenis: Long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual follow-up of individuals raised male or female. Hormone Research. 2001;56:3-11. [Medline].

