eMedicine Specialties > Pediatrics: General Medicine > Gastroenterology

Glucuronyl Transferase Deficiency: Follow-up

Author: Dena Nazer, MD, Fellow, Child Protection Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan
Coauthor(s): Hisham Nazer, MBBCh, FRCP, Professor of Pediatrics, Consultant in Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, Bushnaq Medical Centre, University of Jordan
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Mar 24, 2008

Follow-up

Further Outpatient Care

  • Despite medical treatment, patients are at risk for sudden rises in serum bilirubin levels.
  • Parents and physicians should be alert to such bilirubin crises.
    • The child usually presents with altered sensorium, incoordination, slurring of speech, and weakness. Coma may eventually occur.
    • Treatment of severe episodes of hyperbilirubinemia includes intense phototherapy, exchange transfusion, plasmapheresis, and tin mesoporphyrin.
    • During periods of illness, kernicterus may occur at a low level of bilirubin.

Deterrence/Prevention

  • Use drugs that displace bilirubin, such as sulfa, salicylates, furosemide, ampicillin, and ceftriaxone, with caution (or completely avoid).
  • The bilirubin level may rapidly rise to dangerous levels under certain conditions, such as fasting, infections, trauma, fever, and poor compliance with therapy.

Complications

  • Complications arise from both the disease itself and the various methods of treatment.
  • Most, if not all, patients with Crigler-Najjar (CN) syndrome type 1 eventually develop some neurologic deficit despite treatment.
  • Phototherapy restricts the life of the child and his or her family. Phototherapy also causes insensible water loss, diarrhea, tanning of the skin, and problems in maintaining body temperature.
  • Adverse effects of transplantation include rejection, bleeding, infections, hepatic-artery thrombosis, and bile-duct leaks. Long-term immunosuppressive therapy and recurrent hospitalization are recognized problems in treatment after transplantation.

Patient Education

  • Educate patients and families about the chronicity of the disease and the need for life-long treatment. Instruct them to immediately report any change in the patient's mental or neurological status.
  • Genetic counseling is recommended for prospective parents with a family history of CN syndrome.

Miscellaneous

Special Concerns

  • Crigler-Najjar (CN) syndrome remains a potentially fatal condition unless diagnosed early and managed appropriately.14
  • Early neurologic symptoms may improve if therapy is immediately intensified.
  • Newly developed intragenic polymorphic probes may facilitate carrier detection as well as prenatal and presymptomatic diagnosis in the near future.
 


More on Glucuronyl Transferase Deficiency

Overview: Glucuronyl Transferase Deficiency
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Glucuronyl Transferase Deficiency
Treatment & Medication: Glucuronyl Transferase Deficiency
Follow-up: Glucuronyl Transferase Deficiency
References
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References

  1. Lucey JF, Suresh GK, Kappas A. Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 1952-2000: learning from parents and patients about a very rare disease and using the internet to recruit patients for studies. Pediatrics. May 2000;105(5):1152-3. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  2. Nydegger A, Bednarz A, Hardikar W. Use of daytime phototherapy for Crigler-Najjar disease. J Paediatr Child Health. Jul 2005;41(7):387-9. [Medline].

  3. Morioka D, Kasahara M, Takada Y, et al. Living donor liver transplantation for pediatric patients with inheritable metabolic disorders. Am J Transplant. Nov 2005;5(11):2754-63. [Medline].

  4. Bosma PJ, Chowdhury NR, Goldhoorn BG, et al. Sequence of exons and the flanking regions of human bilirubin-UDP- glucuronosyltransferase gene complex and identification of a genetic mutation in a patient with Crigler-Najjar syndrome, type I. Hepatology. May 1992;15(5):941-7. [Medline].

  5. Toietta G, Mane VP, Norona WS, et al. Lifelong elimination of hyperbilirubinemia in the Gunn rat with a single injection of helper-dependent adenoviral vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Mar 15 2005;102(11):3930-5. [Medline].

  6. Jansen PL. Diagnosis and management of Crigler-Najjar syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. Dec 1999;158 Suppl 2:S89-94. [Medline].

  7. Kaplan M, Hammerman C, Maisels MJ. Bilirubin genetics for the nongeneticist: hereditary defects of neonatal bilirubin conjugation. Pediatrics. Apr 2003;111(4 Pt 1):886-93. [Medline].

  8. Sisson TR, Drummond GS, Samonte D, Calabio R, Kappas A. Sn-protoporphyrin blocks the increase in serum bilirubin levels that develops postnatally in homozygous Gunn rats. J Exp Med. Mar 1 1988;167(3):1247-52. [Medline].

  9. Schauer R, Stangl M, Lang T, et al. Treatment of Crigler-Najjar type 1 disease: relevance of early liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg. Aug 2003;38(8):1227-31. [Medline].

  10. van der Veere CN, Sinaasappel M, McDonagh AF, et al. Current therapy for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1: report of a world registry. Hepatology. Aug 1996;24(2):311-5. [Medline].

  11. Ambrosino G, Varotto S, Strom SC, et al. Isolated hepatocyte transplantation for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1. Cell Transplant. 2005;14(2-3):151-7. [Medline].

  12. Fox IJ, Chowdhury JR. Hepatocyte transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2004;4 Suppl 6:7-13. [Medline].

  13. Dhawan A, Mitry RR, Hughes RD. Hepatocyte transplantation for liver-based metabolic disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis. Apr-Jun 2006;29(2-3):431-5. [Medline].

  14. Nazer H, Al-Mehaidib A, Shabib S, Ali MA. Crigler-Najjar syndrome in Saudi Arabia. Am J Med Genet. Aug 27 1998;79(1):12-5. [Medline].

  15. Ciotti M, Werlin SL, Owens IS. Delayed response to phenobarbital treatment of a Crigler-Najjar type II patient with partially inactivating missense mutations in the bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. Feb 1999;28(2):210-3. [Medline].

  16. Costa E, Vieira E, Martins M, Saraiva J, Cancela E, Costa M. Analysis of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene in Portuguese patients with a clinical diagnosis of Gilbert and Crigler-Najjar syndromes. Blood Cells Mol Dis. Jan-Feb 2006;36(1):91-7. [Medline].

  17. Nazer H, Gunasekaran TS, Sakati NA, Nyhan WL. Concurrence of Robinow syndrome and Crigler-Najar syndrome in two offspring of first cousins. Am J Med Genet. Dec 1990;37(4):516-8. [Medline].

  18. Strauss KA, Robinson DL, Vreman HJ, Puffenberger EG, Hart G, Morton DH. Management of hyperbilirubinemia and prevention of kernicterus in 20 patients with Crigler-Najjar disease. Eur J Pediatr. May 2006;165(5):306-19. [Medline].

  19. Vitek L, Muchova L, Zelenka J, et al. The effect of zinc salts on serum bilirubin levels in hyperbilirubinemic rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. Feb 2005;40(2):135-40. [Medline].

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Further Reading

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Keywords

glucuronyl transferase deficiency, Crigler-Najjar disease type 1, Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 2, CN syndrome, Arias syndrome, congenital nonhemolytic jaundice, inherited unconjugated hyperbilirubinemias , Gilbert syndrome, phototherapy, kernicterus, bilirubin metabolism, uridine 5 diphosphate glucuronyl transferase activity, UDPG-T, Gilbert syndrome

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Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Dena Nazer, MD, Fellow, Child Protection Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan
Dena Nazer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Ambulatory Pediatric Association and American Academy of Pediatrics
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Hisham Nazer, MBBCh, FRCP, Professor of Pediatrics, Consultant in Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, Bushnaq Medical Centre, University of Jordan
Hisham Nazer, MBBCh, FRCP is a member of the following medical societies: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and Royal College of Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Jayant Deodhar, MD, Associate Professor in Pediatrics, BJ Medical College, India; Honorary Consultant, Departments of Pediatrics and Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, India
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine.com, Inc
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from broker recommendation; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from broker recommendation

Managing Editor

David Piccoli, MD, Chief, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Professor, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
David Piccoli, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American Gastroenterological Association, and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Steven M Schwarz, MD, FAAP, FACN, AGAF, Professor of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine; Distinguished Lecturer, New York Medical College, School of Public Health
Steven M Schwarz, MD, FAAP, FACN, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Nutrition, American College of Physician Executives, American Gastroenterological Association, American Pediatric Society, Gastroenterology Research Group, New York Academy of Medicine, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, and Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: TAP Pharmaceuticals Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Curemark, LLC Consulting fee Board membership

Chief Editor

Carmen Cuffari, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology/Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Carmen Cuffari, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
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