Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Multimedia

References

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2. Bangarulingam SY, Gossard AA, Petersen BT, Ott BJ, Lindor KD. Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. Apr 2009;104(4):855-60. [Medline].

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4. Björnsson E. Management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. Jun 2009;55(2):163-72. [Medline].

5. Shi J, Li Z, Zeng X, Lin Y, Xie WF. Ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hepatol Res. May 7 2009;[Medline].

6. [Guideline] Murray KF, Carithers RL Jr. AASLD practice guidelines: Evaluation of the patient for liver transplantation. Hepatology. Jun 2005;41(6):1407-32. [Medline].

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8. [Guideline] Mahadevan U, Kane S. American gastroenterological association institute medical position statement on the use of gastrointestinal medications in pregnancy. Gastroenterology. Jul 2006;131(1):278-82. [Medline].

9. Abdo AA, Bain VG, Kichian K, Lee SS. Evolution of autoimmune hepatitis to primary sclerosing cholangitis: A sequentialsyndrome. Hepatology. Dec 2002;36(6):1393-9. [Medline].

10. Angulo P, Larson DR, Therneau TM, et al. Time course of histological progression in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. Nov 1999;94(11):3310-3. [Medline].

11. Angulo P, Pearce DH, Johnson CD, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiography in patients with biliary disease: its role in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. Oct 2000;33(4):520-7. [Medline].

12. Bambha K, Kim WR, Talwalkar J, et al. Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitisin a United States community. Gastroenterology. Nov 2003;125(5):1364-9. [Medline].

13. Bergquist A, Glaumann H, Persson B, Broome U. Risk factors and clinical presentation of hepatobiliary carcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case-control study. Hepatology. Feb 1998;27(2):311-6. [Medline].

14. Bharucha AE, Jorgensen R, Lichtman SN, et al. A pilot study of pentoxifylline for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. Sep 2000;95(9):2338-42. [Medline].

15. Chalasani N, Baluyut A, Ismail A, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a multicenter case-control study. Hepatology. Jan 2000;31(1):7-11. [Medline].

16. Feld JJ, Heathcote EJ. Epidemiology of autoimmune liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Oct 2003;18(10):1118-28. [Medline].

17. Feldstein AE, Perrault J, El-Youssif M, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis in children: a long-term follow-up study. Hepatology. Jul 2003;38(1):210-7. [Medline].

18. Floreani A, Rizzotto ER, Ferrara F, Carderi I, Caroli D, Blasone L. Clinical course and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. Jul 2005;100(7):1516-22. [Medline].

19. Gilger MA, Gann ME, Opekun AR, Gleason WA Jr. Efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. Aug 2000;31(2):136-41. [Medline].

20. Gow PJ, Chapman RW. Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver. Apr 2000;20(2):97-103. [Medline].

21. Graziadei IW, Wiesner RH, Marotta PJ, et al. Long-term results of patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. Nov 1999;30(5):1121-7. [Medline].

22. Harrison PM. Diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 1999;6(4):356-60. [Medline].

23. Kim WR, Poterucha JJ, Wiesner RH, et al. The relative role of the Child-Pugh classification and the Mayo natural history model in the assessment of survival in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. Jun 1999;29(6):1643-8. [Medline].

24. Kita R, Kita-Sasai Y, Hanaoka I, et al. Beneficial effect of bezafibrate on primary sclerosing cholangitis (three casereports). Am J Gastroenterol. Jul 2002;97(7):1849-51. [Medline].

25. Kugelmas M, Spiegelman P, Osgood MJ, et al. Different immunosuppressive regimens and recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitisafter liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. Jul 2003;9(7):727-32. [Medline].

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29. Narayanan Menon KV, Wiesner RH. Etiology and natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 1999;6(4):343-51. [Medline].

30. Pardi DS, Loftus EV, Kremers WK, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid as a chemopreventive agent in patients with ulcerativecolitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. Apr 2003;124(4):889-93. [Medline].

31. Ponsioen CY, Lam K, van Milligen de Wit AW, et al. Four years experience with short term stenting in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. Sep 1999;94(9):2403-7. [Medline].

32. Raj V, Lichtenstein DR. Hepatobiliary manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Jun 1999;28(2):491-513. [Medline].

33. Revelon G, Rashid A, Kawamoto S, Bluemke DA. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: MR imaging findings with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Oct 1999;173(4):1037-42. [Medline].

34. Roberts EA. Primary sclerosing cholangitis in children. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Jun 1999;14(6):588-93. [Medline].

35. Roozendaal C, de Jong MA, van den Berg AP, et al. Clinical significance of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in autoimmune liver diseases. J Hepatol. May 2000;32(5):734-41. [Medline].

36. Saarinen S, Olerup O, Broome U. Increased frequency of autoimmune diseases in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. Nov 2000;95(11):3195-9. [Medline].

37. Sekido H, Takeda K, Morioka D, et al. Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 1999;6(4):373-6. [Medline].

38. Shetty K, Rybicki L, Brzezinski A, et al. The risk for cancer or dysplasia in ulcerative colitis patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. Jun 1999;94(6):1643-9. [Medline].

39. Talwalkar JA, Lindor KD. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. Jan 2005;11(1):62-72. [Medline].

40. Tung BY, Emond MJ, Haggitt RC, et al. Ursodiol use is associated with lower prevalence of colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Intern Med. Jan 16 2001;134(2):89-95. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Further Reading

• Relevant clinical guidelines include the following:
  • American Association for the Study of Liver Disease practice guidelines: Evaluation of the patient for liver transplantation ⁶
  • American Gastroenterological Association Institute medical position statement on the use of gastrointestinal medications in pregnancy ⁷
  • American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline: The role of endoscopy in the management of variceal hemorrhage, updated July 2005 ⁸
• Relevant clinical trials include the following:
  • Probiotics in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
  • Compare Conventional Colonoscopy to Endoscopic AFI, NBI for Dysplasia Detection for Ulcerative Colitis & Cholangitis
• Related eMedicine topics include the following:
  • Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
  • Cholangitis, Primary Sclerosing
  • Bile Duct Strictures
  • Biliary Disease
  • Biliary Obstruction

Keywords

primary sclerosing cholangitis, PSC, liver disease, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, liver failure, end-stage liver disease, hepatomegaly, liver transplantation, inflammatory bowel disease, IBD, ulcerative colitis, UC, hepatomegaly, cholestasis, pruritus, cholangitis, fat malabsorption, treatment, diagnosis

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Lynette Gillis, MD, Assistant Professor, Director of Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Medical Genetics, Vanderbilt University
Lynette Gillis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Liver Foundation, and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Robert Baldassano, MD, Director, Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania
Robert Baldassano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Gastroenterological Association, and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from financial planner; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from financial planner ; WebMD Salary and stock Employment and investment from financial planner

Managing Editor

David A Piccoli, MD, Chief, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Professor, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
David A Piccoli, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American Gastroenterological Association, and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Steven M Schwarz, MD, FAAP, FACN, AGAF, Professor of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Downstate, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center
Steven M Schwarz, MD, FAAP, FACN, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Nutrition, American College of Physician Executives, American Gastroenterological Association, American Pediatric Society, Gastroenterology Research Group, New York Academy of Medicine, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, and Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: TAP Pharmaceuticals Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Curemark, LLC Consulting fee Board membership; Centocor, Inc. Grant/research funds Independent contractor

Chief Editor

Carmen Cuffari, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology/Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Carmen Cuffari, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.