Fragile X Syndrome Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Jennifer A Jewell, MD, MS; Chief Editor: Bruce Buehler, MD more...
Differential Diagnoses
- Asperger Syndrome
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
- Gigantism and Acromegaly
- Marfan Syndrome
- Pervasive Developmental Disorder
- Pervasive Developmental Disorder: Autism
- Pervasive Developmental Disorder: Rett Syndrome
- Prader-Willi Syndrome
- Soto Syndrome
Martin JP, Bell J. A pedigree of mental defect showing sex-linkage. J Neurol Psychi. 1943;6:154-7.
Lubs HA. A marker X chromosome. Am J Hum Genet. May 1969;21(3):231-44. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Murphy MM. A review of mathematical learning disabilities in children with fragile X syndrome. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(1):21-7. [Medline].
De Smedt B, Swillen A, Verschaffel L, Ghesquiere P. Mathematical learning disabilities in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a review. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(1):4-10. [Medline].
Spath MA, Feuth TB, Smits AP, Yntema HG, Braat DD, Thomas CM. Predictors and risk model development for menopausal age in fragile X premutation carriers. Genet Med. Jul 2011;13(7):643-50. [Medline].
Bailey DB Jr, Raspa M, Bishop E, Holiday D. No change in the age of diagnosis for fragile x syndrome: findings from a national parent survey. Pediatrics. Aug 2009;124(2):527-33. [Medline].
de Vries BB, Halley DJ, Oostra BA, Niermeijer MF. The fragile X syndrome. J Med Genet. Jul 1998;35(7):579-89. [Medline].
Lachiewicz AM, Dawson DV, Spiridigliozzi GA. Physical characteristics of young boys with fragile X syndrome: reasons for difficulties in making a diagnosis in young males. Am J Med Genet. Jun 5 2000;92(4):229-36. [Medline].
Hagerman RJ, Berry-Kravis E, Kaufmann WE, Ono MY, Tartaglia N, Lachiewicz A, et al. Advances in the treatment of fragile X syndrome. Pediatrics. Jan 2009;123(1):378-90. [Medline].
Oostra BA, Willemsen R. FMR1: a gene with three faces. Biochim Biophys Acta. Feb 19 2009;[Medline].
Health supervision for children with fragile x syndrome. Pediatrics. May 2011;127(5):994-1006. [Medline].
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Genetics. ACOG committee opinion. No. 338: Screening for fragile X syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. Jun 2006;107(6):1483-5. [Medline].
Biancalana V, Toft M, Le Ber I, et al. FMR1 premutations associated with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome in multiple system atrophy. Arch Neurol. Jun 2005;62(6):962-6. [Medline].
Brown WT. Perspectives and molecular diagnosis of the fragile X syndrome. Clin Lab Med. Dec 1995;15(4):859-75. [Medline].
Brown WT. The fragile X: progress toward solving the puzzle. Am J Hum Genet. Aug 1990;47(2):175-80. [Medline].
Davids JR, Hagerman RJ, Eilert RE. Orthopaedic aspects of fragile-X syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jul 1990;72(6):889-96. [Medline].
Dyer-Friedman J, Glaser B, Hessl D, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on the cognitive outcomes of children with fragile X syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Mar 2002;41(3):237-44. [Medline].
Finucane B. Should all pregnant women be offered carrier testing for fragile X syndrome?. Clin Obstet Gynecol. Dec 1996;39(4):772-82. [Medline].
Garber KB, Visootsak J, Warren ST. Fragile X syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. Jun 2008;16(6):666-72. [Medline].
Gleicher N, Weghofer A, Barad DH. A pilot study of premature ovarian senescence: I. Correlation of triple CGG repeats on the FMR1 gene to ovarian reserve parameters FSH and anti-Müllerian hormone. Fertil Steril. Apr 1 2008;[Medline].
Goldson E, Hagerman RJ. The fragile X syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. Sep 1992;34(9):826-32. [Medline].
Hagerman PJ, Hagerman RJ. The fragile-X premutation: a maturing perspective. Am J Hum Genet. May 2004;74(5):805-16. [Medline].
Hagerman RJ, Ono MY, Hagerman PJ. Recent advances in fragile X: a model for autism and neurodegeneration. Curr Opin Psychiatry. Sep 2005;18(5):490-6. [Medline].
Hall SS, Lightbody AA, Huffman LC, Lazzeroni LC, Reiss AL. Physiological correlates of social avoidance behavior in children and adolescents with fragile x syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Mar 2009;48(3):320-9. [Medline].
Handa V, Goldwater D, Stiles D, et al. Long CGG-repeat tracts are toxic to human cells: implications for carriers of Fragile X premutation alleles. FEBS Lett. May 9 2005;579(12):2702-8. [Medline].
Hatton DD, Sideris J, Skinner M, et al. Autistic behavior in children with fragile X syndrome: prevalence, stability, and the impact of FMRP. Am J Med Genet A. Sep 1 2006;140(17):1804-13. [Medline].
Hessl D, Dyer-Friedman J, Glaser B, et al. The influence of environmental and genetic factors on behavior problems and autistic symptoms in boys and girls with fragile x syndrome. Pediatrics. Nov 2001;108(5):88. [Medline].
Kenneson A, Warren ST. The female and the fragile X reviewed. Semin Reprod Med. Jun 2001;19(2):159-65. [Medline].
Kosinovsky B, Hermon S, Yoran-Hegesh R, et al. The yield of laboratory investigations in children with infantile autism. J Neural Transm. Apr 2005;112(4):587-96. [Medline].
Laxova R. Fragile X syndrome. Adv Pediatr. 1994;41:305-42. [Medline].
Loesch DZ, Churchyard A, Brotchie P, Marot M, Tassone F. Evidence for, and a spectrum of, neurological involvement in carriers of the fragile X pre-mutation: FXTAS and beyond. Clin Genet. May 2005;67(5):412-7. [Medline].
McConkie-Rosell A, Finucane B, Cronister A, Abrams L, Bennett RL, Pettersen BJ. Genetic counseling for fragile x syndrome: updated recommendations of the national society of genetic counselors. J Genet Couns. Aug 2005;14(4):249-70. [Medline].
Murray J, Cuckle H, Taylor G, Hewison J. Screening for fragile X syndrome: information needs for health planners. J Med Screen. 1997;4(2):60-94. [Medline].
Neri G, Opitz JM. Sixty years of X-linked mental retardation: a historical footnote. Am J Med Genet. Fall 2000;97(3):228-33. [Medline].
Oostra BA, Halley DJ. Complex behavior of simple repeats: the fragile X syndrome. Pediatr Res. Nov 1995;38(5):629-37. [Medline].
Reiss AL, Freund L. Fragile X syndrome. Biol Psychiatry. Jan 15 1990;27(2):223-40. [Medline].
Simensen RJ, Rogers RC. Fragile-X syndrome. Am Fam Physician. May 1989;39(5):185-93. [Medline].
Sotos JF. Genetic disorders associated with overgrowth. Clin Pediatr (Phila). Jan 1997;36(1):39-49. [Medline].
Sutherland GR, Mulley JC. Fragile X syndrome and fragile XE mental retardation. Prenat Diagn. Dec 1996;16(13):1199-211. [Medline].
Tarleton JC, Saul RA. Molecular genetic advances in fragile X syndrome. J Pediatr. Feb 1993;122(2):169-85. [Medline].
Terracciano A, Chiurazzi P, Neri G. Fragile X syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. Jul 11 2005;[Medline].
Turk J. The fragile-X syndrome. On the way to a behavioural phenotype. Br J Psychiatry. Jan 1992;160:24-35. [Medline].
Visootsak J, Warren ST, Anido A, Graham JM Jr. Fragile X syndrome: an update and review for the primary pediatrician. Clin Pediatr (Phila). Jun 2005;44(5):371-81. [Medline].
Warren ST, Nelson DL. Advances in molecular analysis of fragile X syndrome [see comments]. JAMA. Feb 16 1994;271(7):536-42. [Medline].
Wattendorf DJ, Muenke M. Diagnosis and management of fragile X syndrome. Am Fam Physician. Jul 1 2005;72(1):111-3. [Medline].
Weinhausel A, Haas OA. Evaluation of the fragile X (FRAXA) syndrome with methylation-sensitive PCR. Hum Genet. Jun 2001;108(6):450-8. [Medline].
Zhou Y, Lum JM, Yeo GH, Kiing J, Tay SK, Chong SS. Simplified molecular diagnosis of fragile X syndrome by fluorescent methylation-specific PCR and GeneScan analysis. Clin Chem. Aug 2006;52(8):1492-500. [Medline].

