eMedicine Specialties > Sports Medicine > Spine

Cervical Spine Sprain/Strain Injuries: Multimedia

Author: Gerard A Malanga, MD, Founder and Director, New Jersey Sports Medicine Institute; Director of Pain Management, Overlook Hospital; Director of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Fellowship Director, Mountainside Hospital; Clinical Chief, Rehabilitation Medicine and Electrodiagnosis, St Michael's Medical Center; Medical Director, Consultant, Horizon Healthcare Worker's Compensation Services, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Worker's Compensation
Coauthor(s): Michael J Mehnert, MD, Associate Physiatrist, The Rothman Institute; Daniel Kim, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Mar 31, 2008

Multimedia

Bony framework of head and neck.Media file 1: Bony framework of head and neck.
Bony framework of head and neck.

Bony framework of head and neck.

Cervical vertebrae, the atlas and the axis.Media file 2: Cervical vertebrae, the atlas and the axis.
Cervical vertebrae, the atlas and the axis.

Cervical vertebrae, the atlas and the axis.

Cervical vertebrae.Media file 3: Cervical vertebrae.
Cervical vertebrae.

Cervical vertebrae.

External craniocervical ligaments.Media file 4: External craniocervical ligaments.
External craniocervical ligaments.

External craniocervical ligaments.

Internal craniocervical ligaments.Media file 5: Internal craniocervical ligaments.
Internal craniocervical ligaments.

Internal craniocervical ligaments.

Atlantooccipital junction.Media file 6: Atlantooccipital junction.
Atlantooccipital junction.

Atlantooccipital junction.

Lateral view of the muscles of the neck.Media file 7: Lateral view of the muscles of the neck.
Lateral view of the muscles of the neck.

Lateral view of the muscles of the neck.

Anterior view of the muscles of the neck.Media file 8: Anterior view of the muscles of the neck.
Anterior view of the muscles of the neck.

Anterior view of the muscles of the neck.

Infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles.Media file 9: Infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles.
Infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles.

Infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles.

Scalene and prevertebral muscles.Media file 10: Scalene and prevertebral muscles.
Scalene and prevertebral muscles.

Scalene and prevertebral muscles.

More on Cervical Spine Sprain/Strain Injuries

Overview: Cervical Spine Sprain/Strain Injuries
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Cervical Spine Sprain/Strain Injuries
Treatment & Medication: Cervical Spine Sprain/Strain Injuries
Follow-up: Cervical Spine Sprain/Strain Injuries
Multimedia: Cervical Spine Sprain/Strain Injuries
References

References

  1. Thomas BE, McCullen GM, Yuan HA. Cervical spine injuries in football players. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. Sep-Oct 1999;7(5):338-47. [Medline].

  2. Watkins RG. Neck injuries in football players. Clin Sports Med. Apr 1986;5(2):215-46. [Medline].

  3. Wroble RR, Albright JP. Neck and low back injuries in wrestling. Clin Sports Med. Apr 1986;5(2):295-325. [Medline].

  4. Zmurko MG, Tannoury TY, Tannoury CA, Anderson DG. Cervical sprains, disc herniations, minor fractures, and other cervical injuries in the athlete. Clin Sports Med. Jul 2003;22(3):513-21. [Medline].

  5. Tall RL, DeVault W. Spinal injury in sport: epidemiologic considerations. Clin Sports Med. Jul 1993;12(3):441-8. [Medline].

  6. Bogduk N. The anatomy and pathophysiology of neck pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. Aug 2003;14(3):455-72, v. [Medline].

  7. Panjabi MM, Vasavada A, White AA III. Cervical spine biomechanics. Semin Spine Surg. Mar 1993;5(1):10-6.

  8. Kongsted A, Bendix T, Qerama E, et al. Acute stress response and recovery after whiplash injuries. A one-year prospective study. Eur J Pain. May 2008;12(4):455-63. [Medline].

  9. Silber JS, Hayes VM, Lipetz J, Vaccaro AR. Whiplash: fact or fiction?. Am J Orthop. Jan 2005;34(1):23-8. [Medline].

  10. Sciubba DM, McLoughlin GS, Gokaslan ZL, et al. Are computed tomography scans adequate in assessing cervical spine pain following blunt trauma?. Emerg Med J. Nov 2007;24(11):803-4. [Medline].

  11. Kaiser JA, Holland BA. Imaging of the cervical spine. Spine. Dec 15 1998;23(24):2701-12. [Medline].

  12. Beazell JR, Magrum EM. Rehabilitation of head and neck injuries in the athlete. Clin Sports Med. Jul 2003;22(3):523-57. [Medline].

  13. Hopkins TJ, White AA 3rd. Rehabilitation of athletes following spine injury. Clin Sports Med. Jul 1993;12(3):603-19. [Medline].

  14. Torg JS. Management guidelines for athletic injuries to the cervical spine. Clin Sports Med. Jan 1987;6(1):53-60. [Medline].

  15. Cibulka MT. Evaluation and treatment of cervical spine injuries. Clin Sports Med. Oct 1989;8(4):691-701. [Medline].

  16. Teitz CC, Cook DM. Rehabilitation of neck and low back injuries. Clin Sports Med. Jul 1985;4(3):455-76. [Medline].

  17. Sawyer M, Zbieranek CK. The treatment of soft tissue after spinal injury. Clin Sports Med. Apr 1986;5(2):387-405. [Medline].

  18. Langer PR, Fadale PD, Palumbo MA. Catastrophic neck injuries in the collision sport athlete. Sports Med Arthrosc. Mar 2008;16(1):7-15. [Medline].

  19. Webb JK, Broughton RB, McSweeney T, Park WM. Hidden flexion injury of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Aug 1976;58(3):322-7. [Medline][Full Text].

  20. Ellis JL, Gottlieb JE. Return-to-play decisions after cervical spine injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. Jan 2007;6(1):56-6. [Medline].

  21. Torg JS, Glasgow SG. Criteria for return to contact activities following cervical spine injury. Clin J Sports Med. 1991;1(1):12-26.

  22. Warren WL Jr, Bailes JE. On the field evaluation of athletic neck injury. Clin Sports Med. Jan 1998;17(1):99-110. [Medline].

  23. Vegso JJ, Lehman RC. Field evaluation and management of head and neck injuries. Clin Sports Med. Jan 1987;6(1):1-15. [Medline].

  24. An HS. Cervical spine trauma. Spine. Dec 15 1998;23(24):2713-29. [Medline].

  25. Cole AJ, Farrell JP, Stratton SA. Cervical spine athletic injuries: a pain in the neck. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. Feb 1994;5(1):37-68.

  26. [Best Evidence] Dvorak MF, Fisher CG, Fehlings MG, et al. The surgical approach to subaxial cervical spine injuries: an evidence-based algorithm based on the SLIC classification system. Spine. Nov 1 2007;32(23):2620-9. [Medline].

  27. Jackson DW, Lohr FT. Cervical spine injuries. Clin Sports Med. Apr 1986;5(2):373-86. [Medline].

  28. Villavicencio AT, Hernandez TD, Burneikiene S, Thramann J. Neck pain in multisport athletes. 1: J Neurosurg Spine. Oct 2007;7(4):408-13. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

cervical strain, cervical sprain, musculotendinous injury, ligamentous injury, flexion-extension injury, deceleration injury, whiplash, neck pain, neck strain, neck sprain

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Gerard A Malanga, MD, Founder and Director, New Jersey Sports Medicine Institute; Director of Pain Management, Overlook Hospital; Director of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Fellowship Director, Mountainside Hospital; Clinical Chief, Rehabilitation Medicine and Electrodiagnosis, St Michael's Medical Center; Medical Director, Consultant, Horizon Healthcare Worker's Compensation Services, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Worker's Compensation
Gerard A Malanga, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American College of Sports Medicine, North American Spine Society, and Physiatric Association of Spine, Sports and Occupational Rehabilitation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Michael J Mehnert, MD, Associate Physiatrist, The Rothman Institute
Michael J Mehnert, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Medical Association, and Physiatric Association of Spine, Sports and Occupational Rehabilitation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Daniel Kim, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Daniel Kim, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Janos P Ertl, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Chief of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wishard hospital
Janos P Ertl, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, Hungarian Medical Association of America, and Sierra Sacramento Valley Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Russell D White, MD, Professor of Medicine, Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center Lakewood
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Jon B Whitehurst, MD, Clinical Instructor of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine; Partner and Executive Board Member, Rockford Orthopedic Associates; Orthopedic Chairman, Rockford Memorial Hospital
Jon B Whitehurst, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and Arthroscopy Association of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Sherwin SW Ho, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Chicago
Sherwin SW Ho, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and Arthroscopy Association of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.