eMedicine Specialties > Pediatrics: Surgery > Gynecology
Menstruation Disorders: Follow-up
Updated: Jun 10, 2009
Follow-up
Complications
- Excessive or prolonged bleeding can result in anemia.
- Excessive stimulation of the endometrium by estrogens with chronic anovulation increases the risk of endometrial cancer. Treating patients intermittently with combination oral contraceptives or progestins is important.
- Endometrial ablation procedures may cause uterine perforation.
Patient Education
- Educate patients about proper maintenance of a menstrual calendar. This is an invaluable tool in the evaluation of menstrual disorders.
- For excellent patient education resources, visit eMedicine's Women's Health Center and Pregnancy and Reproduction Center. Also, see eMedicine's patient education articles Amenorrhea, Vaginal Bleeding, Female Sexual Problems, Birth Control Overview, and Birth Control FAQs.
Miscellaneous
Medicolegal Pitfalls
- Always rule out pregnancy in a female with abnormal bleeding who is sexually active.
- Remember that a coexisting infectious disease may be present.
- In severe cases of menorrhagia, rule out a coagulation disorder
More on Menstruation Disorders |
| Overview: Menstruation Disorders |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Menstruation Disorders |
| Treatment & Medication: Menstruation Disorders |
Follow-up: Menstruation Disorders |
| References |
| « Previous Page |
References
Cosgrove L, Riddle B. Constructions of femininity and experiences of menstrual distress. Women Health. 2003;38(3):37-58. [Medline].
Harel Z. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults: etiology and management. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Dec 2006;19(6):363-71. [Medline].
James AH, Kouides PA, Abdul-Kadir R, Edlund M, Federici AB, Halimeh S, et al. Von Willebrand disease and other bleeding disorders in women: Consensus on diagnosis and management from an international expert panel. Am J Obstet Gynecol. May 28 2009;[Medline].
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice. ACOG committee opinion. No. 337: Noncontraceptive uses of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. Obstet Gynecol. Jun 2006;107(6):1479-82. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Farquhar C. Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD003855. [Medline].
Braverman PK, Sondheimer SJ. Menstrual disorders. Pediatr Rev. Jan 1997;18(1):17-25; quiz 26. [Medline].
Emans JS, Laufer M, Goldstein DP. Delayed puberty and menstrual irregularities. In: Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 4th ed. 1998:163-261.
Gordon CM. Menstrual disorders in adolescents. Excess androgens and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am. Jun 1999;46(3):519-43. [Medline].
Harlow SD, Campbell OM. Epidemiology of menstrual disorders in developing countries: a systematic review. BJOG. Jan 2004;111(1):6-16. [Medline].
Iglesias EA, Coupey SM. Menstrual cycle abnormalities: diagnosis and management. Adolesc Med. Jun 1999;10(2):255-73. [Medline].
Mitan LA, Slap GB. Adolescent menstrual disorders. Update. Med Clin North Am. Jul 2000;84(4):851-68. [Medline].
Slap GB. Menstrual disorders in adolescence. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. Feb 2003;17(1):75-92. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
menstruation disorders, irregularities of menstruation, menstrual disorders, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, secondary dysmenorrhea, painful menstruation, menorrhagia, anovulatory cycles, irregular menstrual patterns, thelarche, menarche, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, DUB, menstruation disorders, hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, HPO axis, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine fibroids, Crohn disease, constitutional delay of puberty, hypothalamic dysfunction, pituitary failure, gonadal failure, Turner Syndrome, Swyer syndrome, gonadotrophin deficiency, Kallmann syndrome, hyperandrogenic amenorrhea, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, outflow tract obstructions, imperforate hymen, vaginal atresia, Müllerian agenesis, androgen insensitivity
Follow-up: Menstruation Disorders