eMedicine Specialties > Pediatrics: General Medicine > Infectious Disease

Chorioretinitis: Follow-up

Author: Ayesha Mirza, MD, Assistant Professor, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine Jacksonville
Coauthor(s): Diana E Guinazu, MD, Fellow in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Oct 16, 2009

Follow-up

Further Inpatient Care

  • Children with congenital infections and chorioretinitis (CR) face many possible handicaps, including partial or total loss of vision, deafness, seizure disorders, and mental retardation.
  • Short-term care for individuals with chorioretinitis includes diagnostic and management planning.
  • Management planning requires participation of several specialists included but not limited to the ophthalmologist, infectious disease specialist, neurologist, physiotherapist, and child development specialist.

Further Outpatient Care

  • Long-term care should alleviate debilitating conditions and improve functions for patients with chorioretinitis. An involved primary care physician should work closely with the specialists, the school system, and social workers.

Prognosis

  • Except when caused by congenital toxoplasmosis (CTP), prognosis for individuals with chorioretinitis depends on the originating process but tends to be self-limited.
  • Chorioretinitis due to CTP is progressive, and the outcome is not usually predictable. Late-onset retinal lesions can occur many years after birth, but the overall ocular prognosis of congenital toxoplasmosis is satisfactory when the infection is identified early and treatment is instituted appropriately.32

Patient Education

  • Aim educational efforts at reducing the incidence of primary toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. Screen pregnant women for the presence of toxoplasmosis immunoglobin (Ig)G and educate these individuals to avoid consuming undercooked meat and handling a cat litter box.
  • In the summer and fall seasons, public health measures can be used to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne viral encephalitis or tick-borne Lyme disease. During peak season for mosquitos and ticks, educate pregnant women to avoid insect bites (eg, cover up, apply insecticide to clothing items) and carry out limited larvicidal spraying to control mosquito infestation.

Miscellaneous

Special Concerns

  • Pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk of reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and, more significantly, toxoplasmosis. Reactivation of these infections can translate into higher risk of congenital infections in their infants.
 
Acknowledgments

The authors and editors of eMedicine gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Quoc V Nguyen, MD, to the original writing and development of this article.



More on Chorioretinitis

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Multimedia: Chorioretinitis
References
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Further Reading

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Keywords

chorioretinitis, CR, retinochoroiditis, choroidoretinitis, congenital toxoplasmosis, CTP, congenital cytomegalovirus, CMV, congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, fungal infections, retinal vessels, infection, West Nile virus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus, intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, microphthalmia, cataract, uveitis, hearing defect, osteomyelitis, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, dermal erythropoiesis, carditis, congenital heart disease, herpes simplex virus, ocular bartonellosis, infections, treatment, diagnosis

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Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Ayesha Mirza, MD, Assistant Professor, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine Jacksonville
Ayesha Mirza, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, HIV Medicine Association of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
Disclosure: Sanofi Pasteur Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Coauthor(s)

Diana E Guinazu, MD, Fellow in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine
Diana E Guinazu, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine
Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Immunocompromised Host Society, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Medical Society of the District of Columbia, New York Academy of Sciences, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Ear, Nose and Throat Advances in Children, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association, and Surgical Infection Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from financial planner; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from financial planner ; WebMD Salary and stock Employment and investment from financial planner

Managing Editor

Mark R Schleiss, MD, American Legion Chair of Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics, Division Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School
Mark R Schleiss, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Pediatric Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Robert W Tolan Jr, MD, Chief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Saint Peter's University Hospital; Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine
Robert W Tolan Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Physicians for Social Responsibility
Disclosure: GlaxoSmithKline Honoraria Speaking and teaching; MedImmune Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Merck Honoraria Speaking and teaching; sanofi pasteur Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Baxter Healthcare Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Chief Editor

Russell W Steele, MD, Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine
Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association
Disclosure: None None None

 
 
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