Kawasaki Disease Differential Diagnoses

  • Author: Noah S Scheinfeld, MD, JD, FAAD; Chief Editor: Russell W Steele, MD   more...
 
Updated: Jan 5, 2012
 
 

Diagnostic Considerations

If Kawasaki disease is suspected but the diagnosis cannot be confirmed, refer the patient in a timely manner to a center that has experience with this illness. It is important to diagnose Kawasaki disease promptly, because a delay can result in coronary artery aneurysms or other devastating cardiac complications. Patients, especially boys younger than 1 year with prolonged fevers, who are not given IVIG by day 10 of the illness are at an increased risk of sudden death.

Various focal infections can mimic Kawasaki disease. These include the following:

  • Retropharyngeal abscess or cellulitis
  • Peritonsillar abscess
  • Orbital cellulitis
  • Cervical lymphadenitis or deep neck infection
  • Retropharyngeal phlegmon
  • Preseptal cellulitis

When considering the rare diagnosis of mastoiditis, evaluate for other entities in the differential diagnosis before performing surgical intervention. However, if the patient is unstable or a threatened complication of mastoiditis is apparent, immediate mastoidectomy is required.

Other problems to be considered in the differential diagnosis of Kawasaki disease include the following:

  • Adenovirus infection
  • Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection
  • Drug hypersensitivity reaction
  • Enterovirus
  • Mononucleosis
  • Parvovirus B19 infection
  • Scarlet fever
  • Staphylococcal or streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Tick typhus
  • Viral meningitis
  • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis sepsis

Differential Diagnoses

Proceed to Workup
 
 
Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Noah S Scheinfeld, MD, JD, FAAD  Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Consulting Staff, Department of Dermatology, St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, Beth Israel Medical Center, and New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; Private Practice

Noah S Scheinfeld, MD, JD, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Optigenex Consulting fee Independent contractor

Coauthor(s)

Elena L Jones, MD  Clinical Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Clinic Chief, Department of Dermatology, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul R Ogershok, MD  Allergist, Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Clinic, Southwest Regional Medical Center

Paul R Ogershok, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Pennsylvania Medical Society, and West Virginia State Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Russell W Steele, MD  Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Jeffrey Glenn Bowman, MD, MS Consulting Staff, Highfield MRI, Columbus, Ohio

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lawrence H Brent, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Chair, Program Director, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein Medical Center

Lawrence H Brent, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Physicians, and American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Genentech Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Genentech Grant/research funds Other; Amgen Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Abbott Immunology Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Takeda Honoraria Speaking and teaching; UCB Speaking and teaching; Omnicare Consulting fee Consulting; Centocor Consulting fee Consulting

Herbert S Diamond, MD Professor of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine; Chairman Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Western Pennsylvania Hospital

Herbert S Diamond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology, American Medical Association, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Merck Ownership interest Other; Smith Kline Ownership interest Other; Zimmer Ownership interest Other

Joseph Domachowske, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Upstate Medical University

Joseph Domachowske, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kristine M Lohr, MD, MS Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for the Advancement of Women's Health and Division of Rheumatology, Director, Rheumatology Training Program, University of Kentucky College of Medicine

Kristine M Lohr, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Catherine V Parrillo, DO, FACOP, FAAP, Retired, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine

Catherine V Parrillo, DO, FACOP, FAAP, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Osteopathic Pediatricians, and American Osteopathic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

Steven J Parrillo, DO, FACOEP, FACEP Associate Professor, Emergency Medicine, Jefferson Medical College and Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine; Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Einstein Elkins Park; Chair, Emergency Management Committee, Albert Einstein Healthcare Network; Adjunct Professor, School of Health and Science, Philadelphia University; Medical Director and Faculty, Disaster Medicine and Management Masters Program, Philadelphia University

Steven J Parrillo, DO, FACOEP, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, American Osteopathic Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine

Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Martin Weisse, MD Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University

Martin Weisse, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Grace M Young, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center

Grace M Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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Patchy generalized macular erythema, which is also typical of some viral exanthems.
Peeling and erythema of the fingertips.
Strawberry tongue.
Pediatrics, Kawasaki disease. Note the appearance of the hand and lips. Photo courtesy of Sam Richardson, MD.
Clinical manifestations and time course of Kawasaki disease.
Oral manifestations of Kawasaki disease: red lips and strawberry tongue.
 
 
 
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