Background
The lymphatic system encompasses a network of vessels, glands, and organs located throughout the body. Functioning as part of the immune system, it also transports fluids, fats, proteins, and other substances in the body. Lymph nodes or glands filter the lymph fluid. Foreign bodies, such as bacteria or viruses, are processed in the lymph nodes to generate an immune response to fight an infection. Lymphangitis is defined as an inflammation of the lymphatic channels that occurs as a result of infection at a site distal to the channel. Pathogenic organisms invade the lymphatic vessels and spread along these channels toward regional lymph nodes. The infected lymphatic vessel becomes inflamed. Bacteria can rapidly grow in the lymphatic system.
A distinct clinical entity, separate from lymphangitis, is nodular lymphangitis. Nodular lymphangitis is characterized by inflammatory nodules along the lymphatics draining a primary skin infection.
See the image below.
Trypanosomal chancre on shoulder with lymphangitis toward axilla. Pathophysiology
Pathogenic organisms enter the lymphatic channels directly through an abrasion or wound or as a complication of infection. After the organisms enter the channels, local inflammation and subsequent infection ensue, manifesting as red streaks on the skin. The inflammation or infection then extends proximally toward regional lymph nodes.
Epidemiology
Frequency
United States
No specific data are available.
International
No specific data are available.
Mortality/Morbidity
Although no specific data are available as to the mortality and morbidity associated with lymphangitis alone, those patients with lymphangitis due to group A streptococcal infections are at increased risk for significant morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality associated with lymphangitis is related to the underlying infection.
Race
No specific data are available.
Sex
Although no specific data are available for lymphangitis, two thirds of children with cellulitis (a complication occurring in the absence of appropriate antimicrobial therapy) are reported to be male.
Age
No age predilection is reported.
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