eMedicine Specialties > Pediatrics: General Medicine > Infectious Disease

Streptococcal Infection, Group A: Multimedia

Author: Mark R Schleiss, MD, American Legion Chair of Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics, Division Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: May 2, 2008

Multimedia

Invasive soft tissue infection due to <em>Strepto...Media file 1: Invasive soft tissue infection due to Streptococcus pyogenes. This child developed fever and soft tissue swelling on the fifth day of varicella-zoster infection. Leading edge aspirate of cellulitis grew S pyogenes. Although the patient responded to intravenous penicillin and clindamycin, operative debridement was necessary because of clinical suspicion of early necrotizing fasciitis.
Invasive soft tissue infection due to <em>Strepto...

Invasive soft tissue infection due to Streptococcus pyogenes. This child developed fever and soft tissue swelling on the fifth day of varicella-zoster infection. Leading edge aspirate of cellulitis grew S pyogenes. Although the patient responded to intravenous penicillin and clindamycin, operative debridement was necessary because of clinical suspicion of early necrotizing fasciitis.

More on Streptococcal Infection, Group A

Overview: Streptococcal Infection, Group A
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Streptococcal Infection, Group A
Treatment & Medication: Streptococcal Infection, Group A
Follow-up: Streptococcal Infection, Group A
Multimedia: Streptococcal Infection, Group A
References

References

  1. Cunningham MW. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. Jul 2000;13(3):470-511. [Medline].

  2. Beal B. Assigning emm Types and Subtypes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/biotech/strep/assigning.htm. Accessed January 2, 2008.

  3. McGregor KF, Spratt BG, Kalia A, et al. Multilocus sequence typing of Streptococcus pyogenes representing most known emm types and distinctions among subpopulation genetic structures. J Bacteriol. Jul 2004;186(13):4285-94. [Medline].

  4. Kaplan EL, Chhatwal GS, Rohde M. Reduced ability of penicillin to eradicate ingested group A streptococci from epithelial cells: clinical and pathogenetic implications. Clin Infect Dis. Dec 1 2006;43(11):1398-406. [Medline].

  5. Erdem G, Mizumoto C, Esaki D, et al. Group A streptococcal isolates temporally associated with acute rheumatic fever in Hawaii: differences from the continental United States. Clin Infect Dis. Aug 1 2007;45(3):e20-4. [Medline].

  6. Martin JM, Green M, Barbadora KA, Wald ER. Group A streptococci among school-aged children: clinical characteristics and the carrier state. Pediatrics. Nov 2004;114(5):1212-9. [Medline].

  7. O'Loughlin RE, Roberson A, Cieslak PR, et al. The epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infection and potential vaccine implications: United States, 2000-2004. Clin Infect Dis. Oct 1 2007;45(7):853-62. [Medline].

  8. The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and consensus definition. JAMA. Jan 20 1993;269(3):390-1. [Medline].

  9. Markowitz M, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: reports of penicillin's demise are premature. J Pediatr. Nov 1993;123(5):679-85. [Medline].

  10. Dale JB. Group A streptococcal vaccines. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Mar 1999;13(1):227-43, viii. [Medline].

  11. Bisno AL. Group A streptococcal infections and acute rheumatic fever. N Engl J Med. Sep 12 1991;325(11):783-93. [Medline].

  12. Cohen-Poradosu R, Kasper DL. Group A streptococcus epidemiology and vaccine implications. Clin Infect Dis. Oct 1 2007;45(7):863-5. [Medline].

  13. Dajani AS. Current therapy of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatr Ann. May 1998;27(5):277-80. [Medline].

  14. Gibofsky A, Kerwar S, Zabriskie JB. Rheumatic fever. The relationships between host, microbe, and genetics. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. May 1998;24(2):237-59. [Medline].

  15. Kaplan EL. Recent epidemiology of group A streptococcal infections in North America and abroad: an overview. Pediatrics. Jun 1996;97(6 Pt 2):945-8. [Medline].

  16. Olive C. Progress in M-protein-based subunit vaccines to prevent rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Curr Opin Mol Ther. Feb 2007;9(1):25-34. [Medline].

  17. Peter G, Smith AL. Group A streptococcal infections of the skin and pharynx (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. Aug 11 1977;297(6):311-7. [Medline].

  18. Randolph MF, Gerber MA, DeMeo KK, et al. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the clinical course of streptococcal pharyngitis. J Pediatr. Jun 1985;106(6):870-5. [Medline].

  19. Shulman ST. Streptococcal pharyngitis: diagnostic considerations. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jun 1994;13(6):567-71. [Medline].

  20. Shulman ST, Stollerman G, Beall B, Dale JB, Tanz RR. Temporal changes in streptococcal M protein types and the near-disappearance of acute rheumatic fever in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. Feb 15 2006;42(4):441-7. [Medline].

  21. Steer AC, Danchin MH, Carapetis JR. Group A streptococcal infections in children. J Paediatr Child Health. Apr 2007;43(4):203-13. [Medline].

  22. Stevens DL. Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment. Emerg Infect Dis. Jul-Sep 1995;1(3):69-78. [Medline].

  23. Stevens DL. The flesh-eating bacterium: what's next?. J Infect Dis. Mar 1999;179 Suppl 2:S366-74. [Medline].

  24. Stevens DL, Gibbons AE, Bergstrom R, et al. The Eagle effect revisited: efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis. Jul 1988;158(1):23-8. [Medline].

  25. Tanz RR, Poncher JR, Corydon KE. Clindamycin treatment of chronic pharyngeal carriage of group A streptococci. J Pediatr. Jul 1991;119(1 ( Pt 1)):123-8. [Medline].

  26. Tsevat J, Kotagal UR. Management of sore throats in children: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Jul 1999;153(7):681-8. [Medline].

  27. Wannamaker LW. Differences between streptococcal infections of the throat and of the skin. I. N Engl J Med. Jan 1 1970;282(1):23-31. [Medline].

  28. Zerr DM, Alexander ER, Duchin JS, et al. A case-control study of necrotizing fasciitis during primary varicella. Pediatrics. Apr 1999;103(4 Pt 1):783-90. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

Streptococcus pyogenes, S pyogenes, group A Streptococcus; beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Lancefield group A, acute rheumatic fever, ARF, acute glomerulonephritis, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, PSGN, necrotizing fasciitis, toxic shock syndrome, TSS, streptococcal pharyngitis, group A streptococcal pharyngitis, sore throat, streptococcal skin infections, streptococcal impetigo, impetigo contagiosa, scarlet fever, upper respiratory tract infection, puerperal sepsis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, bacteremia, streptococcal pyoderma, septic arthritis

osteomyelitis, brain abscess, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections syndrome, PANDAS syndrome, streptococcosis, tonsillopharyngeal erythema, a red edematous uvula, palatal petechiae, tender anterior cervical adenopathy, strawberry tongue, scabies, atopic dermatitis, streptococcal tonsillitis, ecthyma, streptococcal cellulitis, vaginitis, erysipelas, cervical adenitis, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis, pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, streptococcal gangrene, varicella-zoster virus, VZV, hypotension

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Mark R Schleiss, MD, American Legion Chair of Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics, Division Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine
Mark R Schleiss, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Pediatric Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Society for Pediatric Research
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

José Rafael Romero, MD, Director of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Combined Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Creighton University/University of Nebraska Medical Center
José Rafael Romero, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, New York Academy of Sciences, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine.com, Inc
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from broker recommendation; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from broker recommendation

Managing Editor

Larry I Lutwick, MD, Professor of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical School; Director, Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Health Care System, Brooklyn Campus
Larry I Lutwick, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP, Director, Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine
Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Society of Hospital Medicine
Disclosure: Baxter Honoraria Consulting; Pfizer Honoraria Consulting

Chief Editor

Russell W Steele, MD, Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine
Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association
Disclosure: None None None

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.