eMedicine Specialties > Pediatrics: General Medicine > Infectious Disease

Staphylococcus Aureus Infection: Follow-up

Author: Robert W Tolan Jr, MD, Chief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Saint Peter's University Hospital; Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine
Coauthor(s): Elizabeth P Baorto, MD, MPH, Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atlantic Health System; David Baorto, MD, PhD, Medical Knowledge Engineer, Department of Medical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Jan 23, 2009

Follow-up

Further Outpatient Care

  • Appropriately monitor renal function, CBC count, and serum hepatic transaminase levels while patients with Staphylococcus aureus infection are undergoing therapy.

Complications

  • S aureus infection may result in pneumonia, bone and joint infection, and infection of the heart valves.  
  • In immunocompromised hosts (eg, patients with cancer who are neutropenic and have a central venous line), 20-30% develop serious complications or fatal sepsis following catheter-related S aureus bacteremia.
  • Community-associated methicillin-resistant S aureus (CA-MRSA) infection is more serious and is associated with thrombogenesis.

Patient Education

Miscellaneous

Medicolegal Pitfalls

  • Scalded skin syndrome (Ritter disease) is often mistaken for erythema multiforme or toxic epidermal necrolysis, which may be treated with steroids. Misdiagnosis delays treatment and allows exfoliation to progress, and steroid therapy may potentiate bacterial superinfection. Most fatalities are associated with delay in diagnosis.
  • Another potential medical pitfall is failure to realize that, in an infant, septic arthritis of the hip and shoulder is a surgical emergency. These joints should be drained as soon as possible to prevent bony destruction. In addition, if a large amount of fibrin, tissue debris, or loculation is present, which prevents adequate drainage with needle aspiration, the joint should be surgically drained.
 


More on Staphylococcus Aureus Infection

Overview: Staphylococcus Aureus Infection
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Staphylococcus Aureus Infection
Treatment & Medication: Staphylococcus Aureus Infection
Follow-up: Staphylococcus Aureus Infection
References
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

References

  1. von Eiff C, Becker K, Machka K, Stammer H, Peters G. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Study Group. N Engl J Med. Jan 4 2001;344(1):11-6. [Medline].

  2. Wenzel RP, Perl TM. The significance of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and the incidence of postoperative wound infection. J Hosp Infect. Sep 1995;31(1):13-24. [Medline].

  3. Smith TL, Pearson ML, Wilcox KR, et al. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group. N Engl J Med. Feb 18 1999;340(7):493-501. [Medline].

  4. CDC. Interim guidelines for prevention and control of Staphylococcal infection associated with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jul 11 1997;46(27):626-8, 635. [Medline].

  5. Jacobson JA, Kasworm E, Daly JA. Risk of developing toxic shock syndrome associated with toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 following nongenital staphylococcal infection. Rev Infect Dis. Jan-Feb 1989;11 Suppl 1:S8-13. [Medline].

  6. Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med. Nov 15 2007;357(20):2090; author reply 2090. [Medline].

  7. Aldin AS, Kinzl L, Eisele R. [Severe complications of Staphylococcus aureus infection in the child]. Unfallchirurg. Jan 2001;104(1):85-90. [Medline].

  8. American Academy of Pediatrics. Toxic shock syndrome. In: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:660-5.

  9. Anderson DJ, Sexton DJ, Kanafani ZA, Auten G, Kaye KS. Severe surgical site infection in community hospitals: epidemiology, key procedures, and the changing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Sep 2007;28(9):1047-53. [Medline].

  10. Awad SS, Elhabash SI, Lee L, Farrow B, Berger DH. Increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infections: reconsideration of empiric antimicrobial therapy. Am J Surg. Nov 2007;194(5):606-10. [Medline].

  11. Baartmans MG, Maas MH, Dokter J. Neonate with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. Jan 2006;91(1):F25. [Medline].

  12. Barry W, Hudgins L, Donta ST, Pesanti EL. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for toxic shock syndrome. JAMA. Jun 24 1992;267(24):3315-6. [Medline].

  13. Bhalla A, Aron DC, Donskey CJ. Staphylococcus aureus intestinal colonization is associated with increased frequency of S. aureus on skin of hospitalized patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:105. [Medline].

  14. Brinsley-Rainisch KJ, Cochran RL, Pearson ML. Dermatologists' perceptions and practices related to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Am J Infect Control. Nov 2008;36(9):668-71. [Medline].

  15. Browne LP, Mason EO, Kaplan SL, Cassady CI, Krishnamurthy R, Guillerman RP. Optimal imaging strategy for community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections in children. Pediatr Radiol. Aug 2008;38(8):841-7. [Medline].

  16. Campbell W, Hendrix E, Schwalbe R, Fattom A, Edelman R. Head-injured patients who are nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus are at high risk for Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Crit Care Med. Apr 1999;27(4):798-801. [Medline].

  17. Casas I, Sopena N, Esteve M, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage at hospital admission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Nov 2007;28(11):1314-7. [Medline].

  18. CDC. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection among healthy newborns--Chicago and Los Angeles County, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Mar 31 2006;55(12):329-32. [Medline].

  19. CDC. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997-1999. JAMA. Sep 22-29 1999;282(12):1123-5. [Medline].

  20. CDC. Outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning associated with precooked ham--Florida, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Dec 19 1997;46(50):1189-91. [Medline].

  21. Dancer SJ. Importance of the environment in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition: the case for hospital cleaning. Lancet Infect Dis. Feb 2008;8(2):101-13. [Medline].

  22. Datta F, Erb T, Heininger U, et al. A multicenter, cross-sectional study on the prevalence and risk factors for nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in patients admitted to children's hospitals in Switzerland. Clin Infect Dis. Oct 1 2008;47(7):923-6. [Medline].

  23. Daum RS. Removing the golden coat of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. Jul 3 2008;359(1):85-7. [Medline].

  24. David MD, Kearns AM, Gossain S, Ganner M, Holmes A. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: nosocomial transmission in a neonatal unit. J Hosp Infect. Nov 2006;64(3):244-50. [Medline].

  25. Dohin B, Gillet Y, Kohler R, et al. Pediatric Bone and Joint Infections Caused by Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Nov 2007;26(11):1042-1048. [Medline].

  26. Faden H. Mastitis in children from birth to 17 years. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Dec 2005;24(12):1113. [Medline].

  27. Faden H, Rose R, Lesse A, Hollands C, Dryja D, Glick PL. Clinical and molecular characteristics of staphylococcal skin abscesses in children. J Pediatr. Dec 2007;151(6):700-3. [Medline].

  28. Falagas ME, Siempos II, Vardakas KZ. Linezolid versus glycopeptide or beta-lactam for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. Jan 2008;8(1):53-66. [Medline].

  29. Farrell AM. Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome. Lancet. Sep 11 1999;354(9182):880-1. [Medline].

  30. Feigen RD, Cherry JD. Coagulase positive staphylococcal infections. In: Feigen RD, Cherry JD, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Disease. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1998:Chapters 32,64,85.

  31. Fergie J, Purcell K. The Treatment of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jan 2008;27(1):67-68. [Medline].

  32. Fernandez M, Carrol CL, Baker CJ. Discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis in children: an 18-year review. Pediatrics. Jun 2000;105(6):1299-304. [Medline].

  33. Fortunov RM, Hulten KG, Hammerman WA, Mason EO Jr, Kaplan SL. Evaluation and Treatment of Community-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Term and Late-Preterm Previously Healthy Neonates. Pediatrics. Nov 2007;120(5):937-945. [Medline].

  34. Frank AL. Staphylococcus aureus: a moving target. J Pediatr. Dec 2007;151(6):561-3. [Medline].

  35. Fritz SA, Garbutt J, Elward A, Shannon W, Storch GA. Prevalence of and risk factors for community-acquired methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus colonization in children seen in a practice-based research network. Pediatrics. Jun 2008;121(6):1090-8. [Medline].

  36. Gafur OA, Copley LA, Hollmig ST, Browne RH, Thornton LA, Crawford SE. The impact of the current epidemiology of pediatric musculoskeletal infection on evaluation and treatment guidelines. J Pediatr Orthop. Oct-Nov 2008;28(7):777-85. [Medline].

  37. Gonzalez BE, Kaplan SL. Severe staphylococcal infections in children. Pediatr Ann. Oct 2008;37(10):686-93. [Medline].

  38. Gonzalez BE, Teruya J, Mahoney DH Jr, et al. Venous thrombosis associated with staphylococcal osteomyelitis in children. Pediatrics. May 2006;117(5):1673-9. [Medline].

  39. Gorwitz RJ. A Review of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jan 2008;27(1):1-7. [Medline].

  40. Gorwitz RJ. Understanding the Success of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Causing Epidemic Disease in the Community. J Infect Dis. Jan 15 2008;197(2):179-82. [Medline].

  41. Greene JN. Infections Related to Vascular Access Devices. Cancer Control. Oct 1996;3(5):456-464. [Medline].

  42. Hamilton SM, Bryant AE, Carroll KC, et al. In vitro production of panton-valentine leukocidin among strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing diverse infections. Clin Infect Dis. Dec 15 2007;45(12):1550-8. [Medline].

  43. Heininger U, Datta F, Gervaix A, et al. Prevalence of nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in children a multicenter cross-sectional study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jun 2007;26(6):544-6. [Medline].

  44. Homma S, Sagawa Y, Ito M, Ohno T, Toda G. Cancer immunotherapy using dendritic/tumour-fusion vaccine induces elevation of serum anti-nuclear antibody with better clinical responses. Clin Exp Immunol. Apr 2006;144(1):41-7. [Medline].

  45. Huang YC, Ho CF, Chen CJ, Su LH, Lin TY. Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Household Contacts of Children With Community-Acquired Diseases in Taiwan. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Nov 2007;26(11):1066-1068. [Medline].

  46. Hulten KG, Kaplan SL, Gonzalez BE, et al. Three-year surveillance of community onset health care-associated staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Apr 2006;25(4):349-53. [Medline].

  47. Hussain A, Robinson G, Malkin J, Duthie M, Kearns A, Perera N. Purpura fulminans in a child secondary to Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol. Oct 2007;56(Pt 10):1407-9. [Medline].

  48. Jaggi P, Paule SM, Peterson LR, Tan TQ. Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus infections, Chicago Pediatric Hospital. Emerg Infect Dis. Feb 2007;13(2):311-4. [Medline].

  49. Jensen JU, Jensen ET, Larsen AR, et al. Control of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreak in a day-care institution. J Hosp Infect. May 2006;63(1):84-92. [Medline].

  50. Jeyaratnam D, Reid C, Kearns A, Klein J. Community associated MRSA: an alert to paediatricians. Arch Dis Child. Jun 2006;91(6):511-2. [Medline].

  51. John Jr JF, Lindsay JA. Clones and Drones: Do Variants of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Extend the Reach of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus?. J Infect Dis. Jan 4 2008;[Medline].

  52. Jones RN. Key considerations in the treatment of complicated staphylococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. Mar 2008;14 Suppl 2:3-9. [Medline].

  53. Kahl B, Herrmann M, Everding AS, et al. Persistent infection with small colony variant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Infect Dis. Apr 1998;177(4):1023-9. [Medline].

  54. Kaplan SL. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. Jul 2006;17(3):113-9. [Medline].

  55. Kapoor V, Travadi J, Braye S. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an extremely premature neonate: a case report with a brief review of literature. J Paediatr Child Health. Jun 2008;44(6):374-6. [Medline].

  56. Khangura S, Wallace J, Kissoon N, Kodeeswaran T. Management of cellulitis in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. Nov 2007;23(11):805-11. [Medline].

  57. Klein E, Smith DL, Laxminarayan R. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999-2005. Emerg Infect Dis. Dec 2007;13(12):1840-6. [Medline].

  58. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA. Oct 17 2007;298(15):1763-71. [Medline].

  59. Krugman. Staphylococcus Aureus. In: Katz SL, Gershon AA, Hotez PJ, eds. Krugman's Infectious Diseases of Children. 10th. St. Louis, Mo: CV Mosby; 1998:Chapter 19.

  60. Kuehnert MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Hill HA, et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001-2002. J Infect Dis. Jan 15 2006;193(2):172-9. [Medline].

  61. Ladhani S, Joannou CL. Difficulties in diagnosis and management of the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Sep 2000;19(9):819-21. [Medline].

  62. Lamp KC, Friedrich LV, Mendez-Vigo L, Russo R. Clinical experience with daptomycin for the treatment of patients with osteomyelitis. Am J Med. Oct 2007;120(10 Suppl 1):S13-20. [Medline].

  63. Lee TC, Carrick MM, Scott BG, Hodges JC, Pham HQ. Incidence and clinical characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing fasciitis in a large urban hospital. Am J Surg. Dec 2007;194(6):809-12; discussion 812-3. [Medline].

  64. Levine DP, Lamp KC. Daptomycin in the treatment of patients with infective endocarditis: experience from a registry. Am J Med. Oct 2007;120(10 Suppl 1):S28-33. [Medline].

  65. Lipsky BA, Weigelt JA, Gupta V, Killian A, Peng MM. Skin, soft tissue, bone, and joint infections in hospitalized patients: epidemiology and microbiological, clinical, and economic outcomes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Nov 2007;28(11):1290-8. [Medline].

  66. Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med. Aug 20 1998;339(8):520-32. [Medline].

  67. Mangini E, Segal-Maurer S, Burns J, et al. Impact of contact and droplet precautions on the incidence of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Nov 2007;28(11):1261-6. [Medline].

  68. Maranan MC, Moreira B, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS. Antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci. Epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Dec 1997;11(4):813-49. [Medline].

  69. Maree CL, Daum RS, Boyle-Vavra S, Matayoshi K, Miller LG. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing healthcare-associated infections. Emerg Infect Dis. Feb 2007;13(2):236-42. [Medline].

  70. McCaskill ML, Mason EO Jr, Kaplan SL, Hammerman W, Lamberth LB, Hulten KG. Increase of the USA300 clone among community-acquired methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus causing invasive infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Dec 2007;26(12):1122-7. [Medline].

  71. Mertz PM, Cardenas TC, Snyder RV, Kinney MA, Davis SC, Plano LR. Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors associated with infected skin lesions: influence on the local immune response. Arch Dermatol. Oct 2007;143(10):1259-63. [Medline].

  72. Moumile K, Cadilhac C, Lina G. Severe osteoarticular infection associated with Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. Sep 2006;56(1):95-7. [Medline].

  73. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller FC. Micrococci and Staphylococci. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover TC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 7th ed. ASM Press:264-272.

  74. Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ, et al. National trends in Staphylococcus aureus infection rates: impact on economic burden and mortality over a 6-year period (1998-2003). Clin Infect Dis. Nov 1 2007;45(9):1132-40. [Medline].

  75. O'Hara FP, Guex N, Word JM, Miller LA, Becker JA, Walsh SL. A Geographic Variant of the Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Toxin and the Origin of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus USA300. J Infect Dis. Jan 15 2008;197(2):187-194. [Medline].

  76. Park JY, Jin JS, Kang HY, et al. A comparison of adult and pediatric methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from patients at a university hospital in Korea. J Microbiol. Oct 2007;45(5):447-52. [Medline].

  77. Proctor RA. Role of folate antagonists in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis. Feb 15 2008;46(4):584-93. [Medline].

  78. Rim JY, Bacon AE 3rd. Prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in a random sample of healthy individuals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Sep 2007;28(9):1044-6. [Medline].

  79. Rochon-Edouard S, Pestel-Caron M, Lemeland JF, Caron F. In vitro synergistic effects of double and triple combinations of beta- lactams, vancomycin, and netilmicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Nov 2000;44(11):3055-60. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  80. Ruebner R, Keren R, Coffin S, Chu J, Horn D, Zaoutis TE. Complications of central venous catheters used for the treatment of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Pediatrics. Apr 2006;117(4):1210-5. [Medline].

  81. Saavedra-Lozano J, Mejias A, Ahmad N, et al. Changing trends in acute osteomyelitis in children: impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Pediatr Orthop. Jul-Aug 2008;28(5):569-75. [Medline].

  82. Sahu DN, Thomson S, Salam A, Morton G, Hodgkins P. Neonatal methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus conjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. Jun 2006;90(6):794-5. [Medline].

  83. Sakoulas G, Golan Y, Lamp KC, Friedrich LV, Russo R. Daptomycin in the treatment of bacteremia. Am J Med. Oct 2007;120(10 Suppl 1):S21-7. [Medline].

  84. Seybold U, Halvosa JS, White N, Voris V, Ray SM, Blumberg HM. Emergence of and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of community origin in intensive care nurseries. Pediatrics. Nov 2008;122(5):1039-46. [Medline].

  85. Stacey DH, Fox BC, Poore SO, Bentz ML, Gutowski KA. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: diagnosis and treatment update for plastic surgeons. Plast Reconstr Surg. Oct 2008;122(4):120e-7e. [Medline].

  86. Stevens DL, Ma Y, Salmi DB, McIndoo E, Wallace RJ, Bryant AE. Impact of antibiotics on expression of virulence-associated exotoxin genes in methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis. Jan 15 2007;195(2):202-11. [Medline].

  87. Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA. Antimicrobial therapy of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother. Oct 2007;8(15):2505-18. [Medline].

  88. Tolan RW Jr. Toxic shock syndrome complicating influenza A in a child: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis. Jul 1993;17(1):43-5. [Medline].

  89. Tolan RW Jr. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: overview of our current understanding. US Infectious Disease 2007 [serial online]. November 2007;II:52-4. Available from: Touch Briefings, PLC. Accessed March 26, 2008. Available at http://www.touchbriefings.com/cdps/cditem.cfm?nid=2930&cid=5.

  90. Velissariou IM. Linezolid in children: recent patents and advances. Recent Patents Anti-Infect Drug Disc. Jan 2007;2(1):73-7. [Medline].

  91. Viallon A, Marjollet O, Berthelot P, et al. Risk factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in patients admitted to the ED. Am J Emerg Med. Oct 2007;25(8):880-6. [Medline].

  92. Wendt C, Schinke S, Wurttemberger M, et al. Value of whole-body washing with chlorhexidine for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Sep 2007;28(9):1036-43. [Medline].

  93. West SK, Plantenga MS, Strausbaugh LJ,. Use of decolonization to prevent staphylococcal infections in various healthcare settings: results of an Emerging Infections Network survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Sep 2007;28(9):1111-3. [Medline].

  94. Wilson AP, Hayman S, Whitehouse T, et al. Importance of the environment for patient acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the intensive care unit: a baseline study. Crit Care Med. Oct 2007;35(10):2275-9. [Medline].

  95. Zaoutis TE, Toltzis P, Chu J, et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among children with risk factors for health care-associated infection: 2001-2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Apr 2006;25(4):343-8. [Medline].

  96. Zhang K, McClure JA, Elsayed S, Tan J, Conly JM. Coexistence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive and -Negative Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA400 Sibling Strains in a Large Canadian Health-Care Region. J Infect Dis. Jan 15 2008;197(2):195-204. [Medline].

  97. Zingg W, Posfay-Barbe KM, Pittet D. Healthcare-associated infections in neonates. Curr Opin Infect Dis. Jun 2008;21(3):228-34. [Medline].

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Further Reading

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Keywords

Staphylococcus aureus, abscess, bacteremia, carbuncle, cellulitis, community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus, community-associated methicillin-resistant S aureus, CA-MRSA, conjunctivitis, empyema, endocarditis, folliculitis, furuncle, impetigo, methicillin-resistant S aureus, MRSA, methicillin-sensitive S aureus, MSSA, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, Ritter disease, scalded skin syndrome, septic arthritis, S aureus, Staphylococcus aureus infection, thrombophlebitis, toxic shock syndrome, TSS, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, wound infection

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Robert W Tolan Jr, MD, Chief, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Saint Peter's University Hospital; Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine
Robert W Tolan Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Physicians for Social Responsibility
Disclosure: GlaxoSmithKline Honoraria Speaking and teaching; MedImmune Honoraria Consulting; MedImmune Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Merck Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Novartis Honoraria Speaking and teaching; sanofi pasteur Grant/research funds Unrestricted research grant; sanofi pasteur  Consulting; sanofi pasteur Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Tap Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Baxter Healthcare Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Coauthor(s)

Elizabeth P Baorto, MD, MPH, Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atlantic Health System
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Baorto, MD, PhD, Medical Knowledge Engineer, Department of Medical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

José Rafael Romero, MD, Director of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Combined Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Creighton University/University of Nebraska Medical Center
José Rafael Romero, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, New York Academy of Sciences, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Pfizer Inc Stock Investment from financial planner; Avanir Pharma Stock Investment from financial planner ; WebMD Salary and stock Employment and investment from financial planner

Managing Editor

Larry I Lutwick, MD, Professor of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical School; Director, Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Health Care System, Brooklyn Campus
Larry I Lutwick, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP, Director, Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine
Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Society of Hospital Medicine
Disclosure: Baxter Honoraria Consulting; Pfizer Honoraria Consulting

Chief Editor

Russell W Steele, MD, Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine
Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association
Disclosure: None None None

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.