Fanconi Syndrome Medication

  • Author: Sahar Fathallah-Shaykh, MD; Chief Editor: Craig B Langman, MD   more...
 
Updated: Aug 2, 2011
 

Medication Summary

The medications required to correct abnormalities due to the renal loss of various substances are listed in Medical Care. In this section, the use of drugs designed to correct the causes of the syndrome are addressed. These drugs are confined to only 2 of the conditions associated with Fanconi syndrome, cystinosis, and Wilson disease.

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Cystine-lowering agents

Class Summary

Numerous compounds have been found to decrease the levels of cystine in cultured cells, but only a few were proven effective in clinical trials. Prominent among the effective drugs is cysteamine, which has been shown to decrease the tissue levels of cystine, delay the progression of renal disease, and improve linear growth, particularly when treatment is started in children younger than 2 years. However, no affect on the Fanconi syndrome was documented.

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Cysteamine (Cystaphos, Cystagon)

 

Cystinosis is caused by a defect in the transporter that mediates the egress of cystine from the cell lysosome into the cytosol. Cysteamine hydrochloride enters the lysosome and combines with cystine, forming cysteine and cysteamine-cysteine; both compounds can exit the lysosome via a transporter different from that for cystine. Phosphocysteamine (Cystaphos) is devoid of the foul odor and taste but is substantially more expensive than cysteamine. A recent formulation, cysteamine bitartrate (Cystagon), appears to be well tolerated and results in cellular levels of cystine lower than those observed with the other compounds.

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Chelating agents

Class Summary

These agents inhibit a toxin by reacting with it to form less active or inactive complex.

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D-penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen)

 

Recommended for removal of excess copper in patients with Wilson disease. In vitro, 1 atom of copper combines with 2 molecules of penicillamine; 1 g of penicillamine is expected to cause excretion of approximately 200 mg of copper. In practice, however, only about 1% of this amount excreted. Determine dosage by measurements of urinary copper excretion and free copper in the serum.

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Trientine hydrochloride (Syprine)

 

Use in patients who are intolerant to penicillamine. Clinical experience limited. Unlike penicillamine, does not contain a sulfhydryl group, making it unable to chelate cystine; therefore, use only to treat Wilson disease. Administer on empty stomach and swallow capsules whole with water.

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Tyrosine Degradation Inhibitor

Class Summary

In addition to dietary treatment, some advise the use of NTBC, which is a highly potent inhibitor of the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. NTBC prevents formation of fumarylacetoacetate from tyrosine. Results from an international study initiated in 1992 resulted in US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in January 2002.

An open-label study of 207 patients (aged from birth to 21.7 y, median age 9 mo) revealed an improved overall survival rate compared with historical control subjects (29% vs 88% survival probabilities at 4 y) when patients who were younger than 2 months presented with hereditary tyrosinemia type I and were treated with nitisinone and dietary restriction.[5]

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Nitisinone (Orfadin)

 

Used adjunctively to dietary restrictions to treat hereditary tyrosinemia type-1. Highly potent reversible inhibitor of the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Prevents formation of fumarylacetoacetate from tyrosine.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Sahar Fathallah-Shaykh, MD  Assistant Professor in Pediatric Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Medical Director of Pediatric Dialysis Unit, Children's of Alabama

Sahar Fathallah-Shaykh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Nephrology and American Society of Pediatric Nephrology

Disclosure: emedecine Honoraria Other

Coauthor(s)

Adrian Spitzer, MD  Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Director of NIH Training Program, Children's Hospital at Montefiore Medical Center

Adrian Spitzer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Federation for Medical Research, American Pediatric Society, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Deogracias Pena, MD  Medical Director of Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics, Cook Children's Medical Center; Clinical Associate Professor, Texas Tech University School of Medicine

Deogracias Pena, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, and American Society of Pediatric Nephrology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD  Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Frederick J Kaskel, MD, PhD  Director of the Division and Training Program in Pediatric Nephrology, Vice Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein School of Medicine

Frederick J Kaskel, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Pediatric Society, American Physiological Society, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, American Society of Transplantation, Eastern Society for Pediatric Research, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, International Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation, New York Academy of Sciences, Renal Physicians Association, Sigma Xi, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Howard Trachtman, MD  Program Director, Pediatrics Research, Schneider Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Professor, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Howard Trachtman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Craig B Langman, MD  The Isaac A Abt, MD, Professor of Kidney Diseases, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine; Division Head of Kidney Diseases, Children's Memorial Hospital

Craig B Langman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Nephrology, and International Society of Nephrology

Disclosure: Merck Grant/research funds None; NIH Grant/research funds None; Raptor Pharmaceuticals, Inc Grant/research funds None; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Grant/research funds None

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