Pediatric Urolithiasis Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Sahar Fathallah-Shaykh, MD; Chief Editor: Craig B Langman, MD more...
Diagnostic Considerations
The following should be taken into account in the diagnosis of pediatric urolithiasis:
- Anatomical abnormalities (eg, ureteropelvic junction obstruction)
- Drugs
- Infection
- Loin pain hematuria syndrome
- Renal infarction
- Renal vein thrombosis
- Trauma
- Tumors
Differential Diagnoses
- Hematuria
- Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
- Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Failure Syndrome
- IgA Nephropathy
- Medullary Sponge Kidney
- Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
- Nephritis
- Polycystic Kidney Disease
- Pyelonephritis
- Renal Cortical Necrosis
- Uric Acid Stones
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Xanthinuria
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| Mechanism of Stone Formation | Drug | Primary Stone Composition |
| Crystallization of highly excreted, poorly soluble drug or metabolite causes stone formation. | Phenytoin, triamterene, sulfonamides, felbamate, ceftriaxone, indinavir, ciprofloxacin, guaifenesin/ephedrine | Drug or its metabolites |
| Drug may increase the concentration of stone-forming minerals. | 1. Anti-cancer drugs 2. Glucocorticoid 3. Allopurinol (if used in tumor lysis) 4. Loop diuretics 5. Calcium and vitamin D | 1. Uric acid 2. Calcium 3. Xanthine 4. Calcium oxalate 5. Calcium |
| Drug inhibits activity of carbonic anhydrase enzymes in the kidney, causing metabolic acidosis, hypocitraturia, and elevated urine pH. | Topiramate, zonisamide, acetazolamide | Calcium phosphate |

